Japanese forces

Imperial Japanese

Army: 2 million

Chinese allies: 2.1 million

Chinese losses

Kuomintang: 1.3 million

Communist: 500,000

Total (including civilians): 10.4 million

Japanese losses

Japanese Army: 500,000

Chinese allies: 400,000

In 1995, Jiang Zemin put number of Chinese dead and injured at 35 million. War also created 95 million refugees