The US Justice Department accuses Apple of conspiring with US publishers beginning in late 2009 to increase the price of e-books in an effort to undercut the pricing established by then-dominant Amazon.com Inc. The publishers have settled with the government.

Throughout closing arguments on Thursday, Apple found itself fighting back against tough questioning by US District Judge Denise Cote.

At one point on Thursday, Cote asked if it was correct that Apple “understood publishers were willing to work together to put pressure on Amazon.”

Snyder responded there was no evidence Apple understood the publishers were allegedly conspiring together before it proposed creating an online bookstore for its coming iPad. Apple had no idea the publishing executives were calling each other and having dinners together.

“There is no such thing as a conspiracy by telepathy,” Snyder said.

For three weeks, the government has sought to show the popular iPad maker conspired with five of the biggest publishers to raise prices for new and bestselling books from the US$9.99 set by Amazon.com.

Amazon.com, which at the time controlled up to 90 per cent of the e-book market, had been buying books at wholesale and then selling them at times below its costs as it promoted its Kindle reading device.

Apple, by contrast, entered into so-called agency agreements in which publishers rather than Apple set book prices of up to US$12.99 and US$14.99, in a move the government contends enabled publishers to push back against Amazon.com’s pricing.

Apple in exchange got a 30 per cent commission from the publishers, who included Pearson’s Penguin Group, News Corp’s HarperCollins Publishers, CBS Corp’s Simon & Schuster, Lagardere’s Hachette Book Group and Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck GmbH’s Macmillan.

After signing the deals, the government said publishers pushed Amazon.com into the agency model, allowing publishers to increase prices, which shot up 9 per cent industrywide, Mark Ryan, a Justice Department lawyer, said.

“Only a united industry front could move Amazon off its $9.99 price,” he said.

Cote, who has said before the trial began that she thought the government would be able to show direct evidence Apple engaged in the conspiracy, also interrupted Ryan as he made his closing argument.

At one point, she asked Ryan how he responded to Apple’s “argument that it didn’t raise prices as the e-books would have been unavailable at any price.”

Earlier Thursday, Snyder had argued that before Apple entered the market, publishers had begun withholding popular new titles from e-bookstores until the hardback version had been on sale for a number of weeks. Without Apple’s entry, those titles would not have been available as e-books immediately, he said.

Ryan, who had earlier shown statistics that publishers withheld titles just 37 times in 2009, said he rejected Apple’s argument. It was unclear how the future would have played out, he said.

“We don’t know what course competition would have taken the industry on,” Ryan said.

The Justice Department is not seeking damages against Apple. In a slide presented Thursday, the Justice Department said it wanted Apple to be prohibited from the agency model for two years and a five-year prohibition against the use of price-parity contract clauses at the centre of the case, among other remedies.

Should the government prevail, a separate trial would be held on damage claims asserted by 33 state attorneys general whose case on liability was also being heard during the last few weeks.