Hard path ahead for Saudi Arabia's new ruler

Saudi Arabia's myriad uncertainties have been added to by the death of King Abdullah. A father figure to many Saudis, he offered stability amid plunging oil prices and regional turmoil. In him, the youthful population of 30 million saw a chance for much-sought political and social reforms. The ascension to the monarchy of Prince Salman does nothing to ease the doubts.

Salman is himself in poor health. It is for this reason that Abdullah appointed a deputy crown prince, Muqrin, last March. The ruling House of Saud prizes its stability, though, and regardless of who is in charge of day-to-day governance, domestic and foreign policy are likely to be little changed. Now that the pair have ascended to their new positions, though, the behind-the-scenes jockeying for position of the hundreds of princes of the next generation of the extended royal family will begin in earnest.

There are significant challenges ahead. Oil is the nation's economic backbone and the price drop, along with the growth of the shale oil industry in the US, is affecting state revenue and the market share of the world's biggest petroleum producer. The rise of the extremists of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq, political turmoil in neighbouring Yemen and the push for regional influence by bitter rival Iran directly impact security. There are also concerns for ties with the US, Saudi's staunchest ally; it is perceived as not doing enough to protect interests.

Abdullah steered his country through difficult times. The war in neighbouring Iraq, homegrown terrorist attacks in 2005 and 2006 and the demands brought on by the Arab spring movement had to be delicately navigated. Unprecedented reforms he implemented instituting the first communal elections and giving women new professional career choices were unpopular in a deeply patriarchal society that has as its constitution the Koran. But the dependence on oil has to be lessened, regional pressures dealt with and the aspirations of Saudis considered. Following in Abdullah's footsteps will not be straightforward. His successor has to rule wisely and deftly.