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China-India relations
Opinion

Why is Asia locked in a competition to be ‘most humiliated nation’?

Devesh Kapur says the India-China border dispute reflects how, amid the rise of nationalism in the region, each country is crafting a version of history that plays up its own suffering while ignoring the pain it inflicted on others

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Chinese troops hold a banner which reads “You’ve crossed the border, please go back” in Ladakh, India, in May 2013. Border disputes between the two countries, arguably a result of British colonisation, have simmered for years but recently flared up again. Photo: AP
Devesh Kapur
Indian and Chinese troops have been locked in a stand-off in Doka La – where the borders of Bhutan, China and India meet – for almost a month now, the longest such impasse between the two armies since 1962. In a not-so-subtle reference to that last conflict, in which India suffered a disastrous defeat, the Ministry of National Defence spokesperson Colonel Wu Qian has warned India to “learn from historical lessons”. But the lessons of history have a peculiar tendency to adapt to the perspective of those citing them.

The current Chinese leadership sees in the 1962 conflict the price an uppity neighbour had to pay for not acceding to its territorial demands. But, for India, that conflict was a humiliation that has rankled the country for more than a half-century. The reminder of it is therefore likely to have the opposite effect than Wu anticipated.

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In international relations, to be humiliated means more than to be embarrassed. It amounts to a denial of a bid for status and the establishment of a clear hierarchy. Wars provide the opportunity for humiliation in very stark ways, because defeat on the battlefield tends to bring not just ridicule and derision, but also clear losses, particularly of territory.

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If any country should understand the impact that such humiliations can have, it is China. In fact, as Wu was relaying his message to India, Chinese President Xi Jinping (習近平) was asserting, at the commemoration of the 20th anniversary of Hong Kong’s handover to China, that the move had ended the “humiliation and sorrow” inflicted by Britain when it took over the city in 1842.

Watch: Xi Jinping speaks in Hong Kong to mark the 20th anniversary of the handover

Hongkongers should heed Xi Jinping’s words and re-educate themselves on Chinese history

This reflects the Chinese Communist Party’s broader use of China’s “century of humiliation”, which allegedly ended only when the Communist Party established the People’s Republic in 1949, to fuel a resurgent nationalism. During that period, China’s self-image as East Asia’s pre-eminent power was shattered by a series of defeats, which were particularly painful when inflicted by the upstart Japan.
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