Drivers set to take a back seat as the driverless car comes of age
Systems that enable cars to drive themselves and communicate with each other are on the way but face hurdles in cybersecurity and legal liability
An Acura RLX demonstrated an unusual way to tow another car last week - the vehicles were not physically attached. The second car drove itself, following instructions beamed over by the first in a feat of technology that indicates a new stage in automation is happening faster than many expected.
Systems that enable vehicles to communicate with each other have been developed in recent years in parallel with features that enable cars to drive themselves. Manufacturers and suppliers are now putting the two together in novel ways, with broad implications for vehicle safety and convenience.
General Motors, Honda Motor, which owns Acura, and other carmakers are working with traditional suppliers and start-up firms. Tech giant Google, with its pioneering work on driverless cars, and Apple, which is working with carmakers to embed greater connectivity in their cars, are accelerating the change.
"It is the mix of big companies - Apple, Google, the carmakers and the data aggregators - that starts to create momentum. Two years ago, it was different. It was a promise. Today, it's reality," said Laurens Eckelboom, executive vice-president of business development at Parkmobile, a smart-parking start-up whose investors include BMW and Ford Motor chairman Bill Ford's venture capital firm Fontinalis Partners.
A "truck platooning" application by Peloton Technology, a start-up based in California's Silicon Valley, is intended to save fuel and reduce collisions.
As with virtual towing, a "platoon" of two heavy trucks uses wireless communication and computer-controlled braking and acceleration to keep in close formation on the road, according to the company, which expects to start selling the technology late next year at US$2,000 per truck plus a share of the projected operating savings.
The total price tag for widespread adoption of such features could be steep. The United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates carmakers will need to spend billions of dollars to install safety systems that automatically assist drivers and could be mandated by 2020, when the industry expects the first self-driving cars to be easing onto roads.
There are other risks and issues including reliability, cybersecurity and legal liability.
"What happens if a self-driving car gets into an accident? Who is liable for the damages? Will the human 'co-pilot' be at fault or will the car's manufacturer?" the US Centre for Insurance Policy and Research wrote last month, citing "a long list of safety and legal issues to iron out before self-driving cars hit the road".
The dazzling technology promised by carmakers "shouldn't take our eyes off the prize - cars that don't crash", Jon Lauckner, General Motors' chief technology officer, said.
Citi analyst Itay Michaeli said the convergence of connected and automated technologies also has the potential to reduce vehicle emissions and fuel usage, and bring down vehicle operating and insurance costs.
Active safety, including hands-free driver assistance and accident avoidance, is a common thread of many technical discussions within the car industry.
Carmakers are starting to put more of the new technologies on the road "to get some experience and see how the market reacts in advance of the government requiring it", said Jeff Owens, chief technology officer of Delphi Automotive.
Price is still a big question. Some advanced systems could cost two to three times more to develop than early adopters are likely to pay, several industry insiders estimate.
Even with just a few semi-automated systems installed, the price tag remains stiff, although recent studies have shown car buyers are willing to pay about US$3,000 to have hands-free driving capability.
The Chrysler Group, a unit of Italy's Fiat, is charging nearly US$3,500 for a technology bundle on its new 2015 Chrysler 200C that includes adaptive cruise control, which automatically applies brakes and throttle to keep a vehicle a safe distance behind the one ahead; lane departure warning with "lane keep assist", which automatically redirects a vehicle that is drifting out of its traffic lane; blind spot and cross path detection, which helps the driver monitor the presence of vehicles, and parking assistance.
General Motors' Cadillac brand hasn't said how much its new Smart Cruise system will cost when it debuts in about two years. The system is designed to enable hands-free driving on the motorway with automatic steering, braking and throttle, as well as using the carmaker's OnStar system to provide location, weather and traffic information to the automated systems.
But drivers should not expect to take a snooze. "We are talking about 'automated' driving features, not autonomous driving," with Smart Cruise, warned spokesman Jim Cain. "We will have strategies in place to keep the driver alert and engaged."