Marawi insurgents used ‘rat-like’ tactics, including tunnels to sewers, during urban warfare against Philippine troops
Philippine President Duterte and security analysts said the gunmen had planned to set up a Southeast Asian IS base in the southern Philippines
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The main battle zone in a southern Philippine city seized by Islamic State (IS) supporters resembles a tsunami-hit wasteland, with bullet-riddled mosques and a network of tunnels testifying to their hide-and-kill tactics.
Two days after the military declared an end to the five-month conflict in which more than 1,100 people died, scrawny feral dogs and swallows flying above the ruins were among the few signs of life in Marawi’s devastated neighbourhoods.
Many buildings were piles of grey rubble as if crushed by a tsunami roaring in from Lake Lanao just behind them.
The pink minaret of one mosque was so riddled with bullets that most of its plaster had been stripped off and just its iron beams remained.
When the gunmen initially rampaged through Marawi, the principal Islamic city in the mainly Catholic Philippines, military commanders expected a relatively brief battle and were surprised at their enemies’ ability to hold out for so long.
They were surrounded by snipers on tall buildings and they were attempting to burn them alive by tossing Molotov [firebombs] at their vehicles
The military maintained near-daily bombings, with state-of-the-art American radar helping to identify targets, yet the militants could often dodge the explosions.
A brief tour for journalists on Wednesday revealed some of their rat-like survival techniques, including the digging of holes through concrete floors up to 25cm thick.
These connected to the city’s drainage system, allowing them to scurry to nearby buildings undetected, according to commanders who fought the ground war.
“They didn’t want to pass open terrain, especially in the latter part [of the war],” said Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Yunque, commander of an army special forces unit that fought the entire campaign.
But Yunque said the military also adapted to the militants’ tactics by blasting their own virtual tunnels or “rat holes” in walls between buildings so troops could move quickly without going back into the open streets.
In the early days, Yunque said, his unit took two days using conventional tactics to rescue 16 crewmen of two armoured vehicles that had been disabled by the militants’ rocket-propelled grenades.
“They were surrounded by snipers on tall buildings and they were attempting to burn them alive by tossing Molotov [firebombs] at their vehicles,” he told reporters. “When we rescued them they were singed and down to their shorts. They had their firearms but they had not eaten for days and were about to run out of bullets.”
The military had repeatedly said another reasons the war dragged on so long was because the militants were hiding in mosques and using hostages as human shields.
Troops were meant to avoid striking the mosques, military commanders said frequently during the conflict. However, to end the fighting the military decided it had no choice.
The final battle on Monday took place inside a mosque, claiming the lives of two soldiers and 42 fighters, armed forces chief General Eduardo Ano said on Monday.
In one part of the battlefield, the cupola of a bullet-riddled mosque with a twisted metal sliver of moon on top and its minaret lay toppled and broken between two bombed-out buildings.
When we rescued them they were singed and down to their shorts. They had their firearms but they had not eaten for days
In another area a crater big enough to swallow a car was all that was left of the city’s police station.
The authorities said the militants beheaded a police officer there and released hundreds of inmates from the adjacent city jail on the first day of the conflict.
A military aircraft later dropped a 113kg bomb, obliterating the low building, they added.
Months before they launched their attack, the gunmen secretly stored food, guns, bullets, and explosives inside city buildings before infiltrating at least 1,000 men into the city, according to the military.
President Rodrigo Duterte and security analysts said the gunmen had planned to set up a Southeast Asian IS base in the southern Philippines, taking advantage of lawlessness partly stemming from a decades-long Muslim separatist rebellion.
The militants at one point controlled more than 4,000 buildings, according to the region’s military commander, Lieutenant-General Carlito Galvez.
At least 920 militants were killed, while 165 troops and 47 civilians died, according to the military.
The fighting also displaced about 400,000 people, and made the eastern half of the city uninhabitable for many years. Authorities are only now beginning to grapple with a multibillion-dollar rehabilitation programme.
