Kyogen is a form of short, satirical play that developed during the Muromachi period (1380-1466) alongside Noh dramas. Noh represents social aspirations, while kyogen gives a lively portrayal of reality.
The art of kyogen relied heavily on improvisation. It was not until the 17th century during the Edo period that the plays were written down. The authors of the ancient manuscripts were mostly unknown, and the titles have been performed in identical ways ever since.
Movements, facial expressions and dialogue in kyogen plays are exaggerated to present emotions and personalities of the characters in a simple, comical way. Their costumes are based on medieval Japan. Music and dance feature in the play but the focus is on dialogue and action.
There are about 300 kyogen plays featuring folk tales and religious rituals. The largest category comprises the Taro-kaja plays. Taro-kaja characters represent people who cannot escape their destiny of being servants but are clever enough to improve their life by tricking their masters.