Appearance and origins
The Ainu are physically distinct from most Japanese, sporting heavy facial features, thick wavy hair and lush beards on the men. Their heavyset physique has also led to speculation they are members of a Caucasian race, although debate continues about their true origins. Intermarriage has diluted the distinct Ainu appearance in most cases.
Culture
Many Ainu claim links to Japan's prehistoric Jomon culture, known for artefacts including pottery with cord-like patterns. But classic Ainu culture is thought to date from around the 15th to the 19th century. Based on animist traditions, the Ainu culture revolved around nature and earth gods.
Assimilation and oppression
As the Japanese expanded north, they fought the Ainu. After the 1789 battle of Kunashiri-Menashi, the Ainu's culture and language were suppressed.