The US added both companies to its so-called Entity List alongside a group of companies and public-security bureaus in China, with American officials saying they had been implicated in “human-rights violations and abuses” in Xinjiang.

The US, which had previously barred federal agencies from buying Hikvision and Dahua equipment over national-security concerns, is now reportedly considering additional harsh sanctions against Hikvison.

The British government has been outspoken about abuses in Xinjiang, but has been more reluctant to issue an outright ban on equipment from the Chinese camera makers.

However, a long-anticipated public-procurement bill making its way through Parliament, as well as a growing chorus of objections on human-rights and security grounds, could pave the way for a bar on new purchases, if not the removal of existing cameras.

If approved later this summer, the procurement bill would give the UK greater powers to block companies tied to human-rights abuses from bidding for local and national government contracts.

“Mass-surveillance systems have always been the handmaid of fascism,” David Alton, a cross-bench peer, said in the House of Lords last week. “The government should come forward with a timetable to remove these cameras and technology from the public-sector supply chain, and campaign to encourage and support businesses in the private sector to do the same. We simply cannot allow the tools of genocide to continue to be used so readily in our daily lives.”

However, some critics have said the procurement bill does not go far enough.

The procurement bill is among a series of measures introduced in Parliament this year to counter foreign influence in the UK, including legislation to require reporting of foreign donations to and partnerships with British universities exceeding £50,000 (US$63,000) and to require mandatory registration of agents acting on behalf of foreign governments.

The bill comes as the UK government, which for years has encouraged investment by Chinese firms, takes a harder stance on China and its growing influence around the globe.

At the same time, UK Foreign Secretary Liz Truss warned in a speech in April that China must “play by the rules” on human rights and other international standards, or face consequences such as sanctions.

Ending Britain’s love affair with Chinese-made surveillance cameras may be harder than it looks, given how prevalent Hikvision and Dahua cameras are in the public and private sectors in Britain, particularly at the local level.

An estimated 1.3 million Hikvision cameras are in operation in the UK, or just over one camera per 50 persons in the nation.

Two-thirds of borough councils in London and the UK’s 20 largest cities used technology manufactured by either Hikvision or Dahua for their public surveillance in 2020, according to a report by the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

The police force that protects Britain’s nuclear power plants uses Hikvision cameras in its administrative buildings.

Hikvision devices also serve as electronic eyes for the UK Health Security Agency, which researches vaccines and deadly diseases, Bloomberg reported last month, citing people familiar with the matter.

Most infamously, a Hikvision camera reportedly caught then Health and Social Care Secretary Matt Hancock in a romantic embrace with an aide last summer, prompting his resignation when images of the violation of government social-distancing rules appeared in a tabloid newspaper.

The Health Department has reportedly banned new purchases of Hikvision equipment, but has not forced the removal of existing cameras.

When approached by the Post, UK officials declined to discuss which equipment is used in government buildings, citing national security.

“We take the security of our citizens, systems and establishments very seriously and have a range of measures in place to scrutinise the integrity of our arrangements,” a government spokesperson said.

Hikvision said it has cooperated with prior government inquiries in Britain, and its business model in the UK is consistent with the security industry, in that it sells through distribution partners, rather than directly to end users like local councils.

“Hikvision takes all reports regarding ethical and security concerns very seriously and recognises our responsibility for protecting people and property,” a Hikvision spokesperson said. “The company has been engaging with governments globally to clarify misunderstandings about the company [and] our business, and address their concerns.”

Dahua said that it strongly supports procurement reform and that it fully complies with applicable laws and rules where it operates.

“With regard to the groundless human-rights allegations, we reaffirm what we have consistently and publicly stated: we have not been involved directly or indirectly in promoting human-rights violations in any country in which we operate,” a Dahua spokesperson said. “We are proud of the fact that our products are contributing to the safety and security of citizens of the UK and people around the world. We respectfully ask the Parliament to judge us on this substantive basis.”

“Last year, we published guidance to help cutting-edge UK firms negotiate the ethical, legal and commercial questions they may encounter in China or when working with Chinese businesses, supporting safe and appropriate UK-China collaboration in the digital and technology space,” the government said in November.

“It all comes back to accountability and governance,” Sampson told the Post. “If you cannot get the most basic information from your surveillance partners, you cannot assure all of your other stakeholders, including citizens, that you’ve done your due diligence.”

In his letter to the Cabinet Office, Sampson noted that modern surveillance equipment is built with maximum functionality, with the capability to be switched on remotely and with the ability to pick up sound or read license-plate numbers.

For its part, Hikvision has offered to sit down with Sampson, but only if he keeps the details of their conversation from the media or “anti-China” groups. Sampson has declined such preconditions, saying keeping the information private “makes no sense”.

However, Sampson may soon find himself out of a job as the government has proposed moving the functions of his office into the Information Commissioner’s Office.

The rise of China and its concerning record on human rights is going to require the government to have a “real hard conversation” with the British public when it comes to everything from solar panels to day-to-day products made in China, said Kearns, the Conservative MP.

“You can’t stand on your platform and say you believe in human rights,” she said. “You have to actually make meaningful change and adjustment to it.”