My Take | It's the 20m Chinese dead that deserve commemoration

In Chinese communist mythology, the party led by Mao Zedong was the backbone of the national resistance against Japan's invasion during the second world war.

This is being trumpeted in the lead-up to the September 3 commemoration of the 70th anniversary of Japan's surrender.

But among mainstream historians, it is generally agreed Mao's Communist soldiers played a far less significant role than the Nationalist armies under Chiang Kai-shek in the brutal war with Japan. One estimate - quoted in a recent book, China's War with Japan by historian Rana Mitter - finds that 90 per cent of Chinese military casualties fighting Japan belonged to Chiang's Nationalist, rather than Mao's Communist, armies. This has momentous consequences for post-war China beyond communist pride and myth-making.

First Chiang's White Terror and civil war wiped out all the sophisticated intellectuals and idealists who initially led the Communist Party. That paved the way for vicious and battle-hardened country bumpkins and an autodidact like Mao to claim leadership.

Then, before the war with Japan, Chiang started modernising the state. But all such Nationalist attempts at modernisation and state-building lay in ruins by 1945 after fighting the Japanese.

Without a strong and modern state and army, the Nationalists couldn't fight the Communists.