Advertisement
Advertisement
China economy
Get more with myNEWS
A personalised news feed of stories that matter to you
Learn more
Yu Yongding says while Beijing is right to focus on supply-side reforms and tackle overcapacity, demand-side solutions – such as prudent infrastructure investment – should be part of its economic strategy, too

Why China needs to invest more in infrastructure to boost growth

Yu Yongding says while Beijing is right to focus on supply-side reforms and tackle overcapacity, demand-side solutions – such as prudent infrastructure investment – should be part of its economic strategy, too

In an ideal world, domestic consumption would serve as the main engine of growth; under current circumstances, infrastructure investment is the most reliable option.
China’s economic growth has been slowing for six years – far longer than expected. Eager to stem the slide, Chinese government officials and economists have desperately sought a clear explanation pointing towards an effective policy response.

And, last November, they officially placed the blame on long-term supply-side shortcomings, which they pledged to address with far-reaching structural reforms.

Xi Jinping’s supply-side plan now the genuine article of economic reform for China

But, although Chinese officials should be applauded for their commitment to implementing painful – and badly needed – structural reforms, the supply-side focus largely ignores the present. China faces two separate challenges: the long-term issue of a declining potential growth rate and the immediate problem of below-potential actual growth.

Contrary to popular belief, supply-side reform will not boost China’s actual growth rate today

Among the long-term factors undermining potential growth are diminishing returns to scale, a widening income gap, and a narrowing scope for technological catch-up through imitation.

Moreover, even as the country’s demographic dividend dissolves, its carrying capacity (the size of the population that the environment can sustain) is being exhausted – a situation that high levels of pollution are certainly not helping. Finally, and most important, the country is suffering from inadequate progress on market-oriented reform.

While some of these factors are irreversible, others can be addressed effectively. And, indeed, the government’s supply-side reform strategy will go a long way towards doing just that, ultimately stabilising and even raising China’s growth potential. But, contrary to popular belief, they will not boost China’s actual growth rate today.

Still plenty of questions about China’s economic trajectory after weak April data

Steel workers facing redundancy gather outside the head office of the Guofeng Steel Company in Tangshan, Hebei province, after the company shut down production at one of its plants earlier this year. Photo: AFP

The dangerous cost of China’s debt-fuelled growth: delays to much-needed structural reforms

Why are so many economists convinced that a long-term reform strategy is all China needs? One reason is the widely held notion that today’s overcapacity reflects supply-side problems, not insufficient demand. According to this view, China should implement policies like tax cuts to encourage companies to produce products for which there is genuine demand. That way, the government would not inadvertently sustain “zombie enterprises” that cannot survive without bank loans and support from local governments.

But only some of China’s overcapacity can be attributed to bad investment decisions. A large share has emerged because of a lack of effective demand. And that is, at least partly, a result of the government’s effort to moderate real estate investment, which has caused the sector’s annual growth to tank, plunging from 38 per cent in 2010 to 1 per cent at the end of 2015.

Residential buildings emerge from the clouds in Huangshan, Anhui province. Plummeting growth in the real estate sector has put considerable pressure on the economy as a whole. Photo: Reuters

Heading for the cliff: China rides the tiger of debt and bubbles

With real estate investment still accounting for more than 14 per cent of gross domestic product last year, plummeting growth in the sector has put considerable downward pressure on the economy as a whole, helping to push China into a debt-deflation spiral.

As overcapacity drives down the producer price index – which has now been falling for 51 consecutive months – real debt rises. This is undermining corporate profitability, spurring companies to deleverage and reduce investment, and fuelling further declines in the producer price index.

This is not to say that what China needs is more real estate investment

The enduring importance of real estate investment to China’s economic growth is reflected in trends from the first quarter of this year. Annual gross domestic product growth of 6.7 per cent, despite being the slowest rate for any quarter in seven years, exceeded market expectations. And it was driven partly by an unforeseen increase in real estate investment growth, to 6 per cent. This is not to say that what China needs is more real estate investment. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, China had 718 million square metres of unsold commercial and residential floor space at the end of 2015; when space under construction is factored in, inventory expands to more than 5 billion square metres. With an average of only 1.2 billion square metres of housing being sold each year, the best way to reduce this supply glut is clear: limit future construction. One of the most important reasons for the recent investment surge was abundant liquidity driving speculative demand – and that is hardly sustainable.

Chinese textile sellers prepare their goods at a market in Beijing. Though China is saddled with large local government and corporate debts, it also enjoys large domestic savings and a strong fiscal position. Photo: EPA

China’s best performing mega-city to boost infrastructure spending, despite fears over investment-fuelled growth

But not all investment is created equal. Infrastructure investment, in particular, may well be the key to tackling China’s economic woes. After all, such investment, which grew at 19.6 per cent in the first quarter of 2016, has already proved to be a critical driver of economic growth – and, unlike real estate investment, it has not worsened China’s resource allocation or set the stage for major imbalances.

Of course, China’s government must uphold its commitment to implement structural reforms

When there is slack in the economy, the only way to escape the debt-deflation trap is to grow strongly. Given that China is saddled with large local government and corporate debts, but also enjoys large domestic savings and a strong fiscal position, this message could not be more pertinent. In an ideal world, domestic consumption would serve as the main engine of growth; under current circumstances, infrastructure investment is the most reliable option.

In the short term, when overcapacity and deflation are the main obstacles, infrastructure investment boosts growth through the economy’s demand side. In the long run, it operates through the supply side to boost productivity and thus raise growth potential. China can fund such investment with fiscal deficits, given strong demand for government bonds. And, with China’s major banks still state-owned, and capital controls still in place, the risk of an imminent financial crisis is very low.

Of course, China’s government must uphold its commitment to implement structural reforms. But infrastructure investment is also badly needed, not just to prevent the economy from sliding further, but also to enable China to generate the sustained long-term growth that it requires to achieve developed-country status.

Yu Yongding, a former president of the China Society of World Economics and director of the Institute of World Economics and Politics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, served on the Monetary Policy Committee of the People’s Bank of China from 2004 to 2006. Copyright: Project Syndicate

Post