In the meantime, 6,800 US service personnel have died as of December 2014, and another 6,900 more US military contractors have been killed. The civilian losses in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan are even worse, estimated at 210,000 by an updated Brown University report in April 2015.

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Since the spring of 2015, several terrorist attacks have taken place in Ankara and Istanbul in Turkey, the Iraqi city of Tikrit, Egypt’s capital Cairo, and Syria’s capital Damascus. Hundreds of people of different ages, faiths and cultures have died in similar attacks between January 2015 and this month, in Berlin, Brussels, Nice, Paris, Quebec, St Petersburg and Manchester.

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In March 2014, the world was shocked by the mysterious disappearance of Malaysia Airlines’ flight MH370. No one knows for sure what happened. Another Malaysian plane, Flight MH17, was shot down over Ukraine in July that year. In March 2015, the co-pilot of a commercial plane flying from Barcelona to Dusseldorf deliberately crashed into the French Alps, killing all 150 people on board. In October the same year, a Russian airliner was shot down in the mountainous area of Hasana in eastern Egypt.

Rail accidents can also cause huge disasters. For example, an Indian train that derailed in November 2016 killed 133 people. But the death toll of all these air and rail disasters added together constitute only a very small percentage of the total number of deaths in traffic accidents every year, which amounts to 1.25 million people.

Food poisoning, air pollution and emerging epidemics are also sources of major hazards. According to the World Health Organisation, the number of people who die from food safety problems stands at 2 million annually.

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For air pollution, according to a 2015 WHO report, 6.5 million deaths a year were associated with indoor and outdoor air pollution. Nearly two-thirds of the deaths occurred in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region.

Its impact is far worse than all these existing disasters put together. Looking back at the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident triggered by an earthquake in March 2011, Japan decided to suspend the operation of its nuclear plants for safety inspections, only to see the return of long-gone smog in Tokyo. At the same time, not a single person has died from radiation-related diseases, according to the latest UN report. As a result of actual needs and the threat of air pollution, Japan restarted some of its idled nuclear power plants in July 2015.

Furthermore, the WHO report updated last September showed that 90 per cent of the deaths caused by air pollution were from low- and middle income countries. One-third of the world’s 7.5 billion population lives just above the poverty line, without electric power, clean water, uncontaminated food, basic education and medical services. As a result, life expectancy is short – about 50 years on average. Yet these impoverished people have to bear the consequences of the air pollution created by the other 5 billion people who live in relative affluence.

Notice, too, that the poverty-stricken and energy-deficient regions are plagued by various kinds of diseases such as Aids, Ebola, Zika and other rare viruses that, in turn, spread to the other 5 billion residents on Earth who have created the air pollution.

In order to provide society with a reasonable level of security, we urgently need to improve our knowledge and strengthen our capacity to mitigate against risks, both locally and globally. Knowledge accumulation requires data as its fuel. In this regard, advancement in big data technology offers enormous possibilities for understanding the complexities and uncertainties of human behaviour and the globalised world.

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Ironically, the biggest crisis we face today is the risk of having insufficient data, or no reliable data, for how to analyse, predict, prevent and respond to the numerous crises and hazards, potential or real, in our everyday life. This is true with the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the 2011 Fukushima accident as well as with the problems of smog, environmental protection, epidemics and national security, among others.

We need a paradigm to adopt a pragmatic approach and to make use of scientific analysis to improve predictions and responses, free from the interference of ideological biases and presuppositions. Policymakers need to have the right mindset and an open attitude to invest energy and resources to harness the predictive power of data to enhance human security in all spheres of life, at both the global and the local level.

Way Kuo is president of City University of Hong Kong. This article is adapted from his plenary speech at the Electrochemical Society’s annual meeting in New Orleans, US