How the US-China knowledge gap is hurting American diplomatic efforts

The top Chinese diplomat speaks fluent English, but the US Secretary of State does not speak Chinese. Their meeting in Alaska highlights a US-China gap
It is worrying that as the US and China move towards a ‘new cold war’, the next generation of US policymakers may be even less well-informed about China

Chi Wang

Published: 1:00am, 30 Mar, 2021

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The first high-level meeting of the Biden presidency between US and Chinese officials in Anchorage, Alaska made headlines for its departure from diplomatic norms, most notoriously during top Chinese diplomat Yang Jiechi’s 15-minute diatribe against the US. The meeting gave both sides a chance to air long-standing grievances.

But it also highlighted a worrisome trend in US-China relations – the knowledge gap between Chinese and Americans when it comes to understanding each other’s government, politics and civilisation. There are other important gaps between the US and China facing scrutiny – such as in artificial intelligence and 5G technology – but this gap, I believe, is going unnoticed and could have disastrous implications for the US down the road.

Yang’s now-famous speech accusing the US of hypocrisy was delivered in Chinese, but he noted in English after finishing, in one of the meeting’s lighter moments: “This is a test for the translator.” Yang studied in Britain and speaks fluent English; in the past, he has criticised translators’ work.

US Secretary of State Antony Blinken agreed that it would be a challenge for the translator, but unlike Yang, he would have no way of gauging whether the translator was up to the task as he does not speak Chinese. Neither does national security adviser Jake Sullivan, nor any of Biden’s top China advisers.

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This highlights a larger issue in US-China relations – Chinese understanding of the US far exceeds American understanding of China. Part of this is actively induced by China; Chinese civilisation is often portrayed as singular and complex, which may discourage Americans from believing they can understand China or even attempt to.

Even as US-China relations soured during the Trump administration, there were more than 300,000 Chinese students in the US every year. Xi Jinping’s own daughter attended Harvard. Many of these students returned to China with at least a rudimentary understanding of American politics, culture and history. And all of them speak English.

On the other hand, American students’ interest in studying in China peaked after the 2008 Olympics in Beijing and has been declining since. The coronavirus pandemic and recent bilateral tensions have accelerated this decline.

Under pressure from China hawks, American universities have severed ties with Confucius Institutes. While concerns about a Chinese government-sponsored curriculum making its way through American schools are serious, shutting down the institutes will limit opportunities for American students to learn Chinese.

The waning interest and opportunities for Americans to study Chinese may already be hurting US diplomatic efforts. The American translator at the Alaska meeting reportedly made at least six mistakes, which could have added to the tension.

American students’ access to China has been another casualty of US-China relations. The Trump administration suspended the Fulbright exchange programme in China last year. Previously, the programme had been suspended for 30 years, but it was resumed as relations between the US and China were normalised in 1979.

It would be a great tragedy for American students if the new suspension lasts as long. American students who could have studied in China would turn instead to other countries, exacerbating the dearth of China expertise in the US.

On the flip side of the coin, alarming changes in China, such as crackdowns on Hong Kong, the detention of two Canadians on espionage charges, and a recent altercation between American students and Chinese plain-clothes police officers, might also scare away prospective American students.

A confident China reminds the US it is a force to reckon with

It is not just students whose opportunities to learn about China are becoming more and more limited. China has expelled or declined to renew visas for Western journalists, including those from prestigious US media outlets including The New York Times, The Washington Post and Wall Street Journal. Scholars have also seen their access to China restricted.

This, too, evokes the dark days of the Cold War, when American journalists and academics were kept out of China for decades. Absent access to sources, absent the ability to speak to their counterparts and report on activities in China from the mainland, journalists and scholars would be hampered in their efforts to educate the American public about what is really happening in China.

This means that as the US and China move towards what analysts are increasingly calling a “new cold war”, the next generation of American policymakers will be even less informed about China. They will be left to increasingly depend on government sources when it comes to China – be it hawkish American rhetoric or bombastic Chinese propaganda.

The old generation of American China scholars are gone, and we have been too slow to replace them.

People ride bicycles on a Beijing street on March 25. Restricting the access of American journalists and scholars to China would hamper their ability to report on what is really happening in the country. Photo: EPA-EFE

One such scholar – Harvard’s Ezra F. Vogel, who died last year – warned about the dangers of the creeping estrangement between the US and China.

“In recent years, US policy and political rhetoric towards China have been dominated by officials with limited knowledge of developments in that country,” he wrote in The Washington Post.

“It is not in the United States’ interest to turn the Chinese into enemies. If we want to encourage them to work with us for our common interests, we need some fundamental rethinking of our policies. This in turn requires that high officials be willing to support our friends in China and learn more about its internal dynamics.”

At the time of his death Vogel was reportedly working on a policy paper on US-China relations that he intended to submit to the incoming Biden administration. It remains to be seen whether there is anyone now who will urge the US to reconsider the estrangement its new China strategy is set to exacerbate.

The sobering reality is that the US and China, and their leaders, diplomats and peoples, will need to deal with each other for the foreseeable future, and that both sides would benefit from a greater understanding of each other. China is already ahead in this regard, and the US must act quickly to catch up.

Chi Wang, a former head of the Chinese section of the US Library of Congress, is president of the US-China Policy Foundation