However, spending trillions of US dollars on bond buying – also known as quantitative easing – for more than a decade and on economic relief packages to support growth and encourage inflation have achieved the same or similar results as manipulation. They have already caused significant depreciation of the US dollar against most major currencies and the slide is expected to continue. It is doubly ironic that in the middle of a trade and ideological war between the world’s two superpowers, Washington has, in its wisdom, declined to label mainland China as a currency manipulator but added friendly Taiwan to the watch list. The political nature of the exercise was exposed when the US Treasury, under former president Donald Trump, designated China as a manipulator in mid-2019, despite not meeting its full criteria, and then abruptly lifted the label five months later as a concession in a trade deal.

Under Joe Biden, the politics will come to the fore with Taiwan, the self-ruled island that Washington has been drawing closer diplomatically and militarily as part of its “pivot to Asia” and containment against the mainland. The island and its central bank is likely to ignore the monitoring and continue operations deemed undesirable by Washington. Not only have the credibility and objectivity of the manipulator designation been undermined, it is proving counterproductive to the US itself. The countries of most major Asian currencies are on the US Treasury’s watch list.