Da Vinci’s Salvator Mundi, which was sold for US$450 million at Christie’s in New York last year, remains the most expensive painting ever auctioned. That is followed by Picasso’s Les femmes d’Alger (Version ‘O’), which went under the hammer for US$179.3 million, also at Christie’s New York, in 2015.

Nearly 1.47 metres (58 inches) wide, the Modigliani picture was the cover star of a recent retrospective at the Tate Modern gallery in London.

The Italian painter reinvented the nude for the modern era, and when his series of paintings were first exhibited in 1917 they were considered so shocking that police closed the show in Paris.

Bidding in New York on Monday was restrained, lasting three to four minutes and opening at US$125 million before auctioneer Helena Newman brought the hammer down at US$139 million. The final price includes a buyer’s premium.

The price represents a healthy profit for its seller, who acquired the picture in 2003 for US$26.9 million.

Modigliani completed 22 reclining nudes and 13 seated nudes between 1916 and 1919. Most of the former are found in museums, such as The Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Simon Shaw, co-head of Impressionist and modern art at Sotheby’s, said the painting sold on Monday, while rooted in tradition, reflected the changing status of women during the first world war.

“This is a nude of a very self-possessed, sexually confident woman who is not looking out from a distance. She’s absolutely meeting our gaze,” he said before the sale.

Modigliani’s dealer Leopold Zborowski gave him a stipend of 15 francs a day and paid the models five francs to pose in a Paris flat.