“They need to reduce barriers, not create new ones,” the official said.

Sent to Chinese hospitals, companies and other state-owned buyers, the document sets local content requirements of 25 to 100 per cent for 315 items. They include medical equipment, ground-based radar equipment, testing machinery, optical instruments; items used for animal husbandry; seismic instruments, and marine, geological and geophysical equipment, the former official said.

The document has not been publicly released by Beijing and China’s Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology did not respond to queries about it.

Some US lawmakers and industry officials are increasingly concerned about Beijing’s transparency on trade issues.

The new guidelines affect a wide range of goods, including medical devices, which Beijing agreed to buy more of under the terms of the phase one trade deal. For example, magnetic resonance imaging equipment – a key export for US companies in the past – would face a 100 per cent local content requirements under the new guidelines, the former official said.

US trade experts said China’s local content rules differed from planned increases in US “Buy American” thresholds because they were not publicly released, and affect far greater volumes of medical equipment and other goods since China’s state-owned enterprises include hospitals and other entities.

China imported some US$124 billion in goods from the US in 2020, much of which was bought by vast state-owned and government-associated companies that control the education, health, transport, agriculture and energy sectors.

US medical device exports, made by companies including Johnson & Johnson, GE and Abbott totalled US$47.5 billion in 2018, with exports to China valued at US$4.5 billion, according to Fitch Solutions data.

Doug Barry, spokesman for the US China Business Council, said his group has heard about the document, but has not seen a copy.

The group’s members who operate in China are reporting new problems in competing for and winning bids there, including areas such as testing equipment and transportation, he said.

Biden’s predecessor Donald Trump, as part of his sometimes contentious China trade policy, was a strong advocate of “Buy American” and “America first.”

Biden signed a “Buy American” executive order during his first week in office in January aimed at harnessing the vast buying power of the federal government to boost American manufacturing, and last week unveiled new rules about US content levels in goods procured by the government.

The US Trade Representative’s (USTR) office, which is reviewing US-China trade policies, declined to comment on the Chinese document or whether it violates the US-China trade deal.

USTR spokesman Adam Hodge also declined to give any timetable for when USTR will conclude its review.

One congressional staffer, who was briefed on the document by people who have seen it, said it raised many questions, including whether foreign-owned entities producing goods in China for the Chinese market would meet the new local content criteria.

The non-public nature of the guidelines also meant the Chinese government could play down their importance, the staffer said.

“It isn’t posted; it’s not public. It’s being circulated through companies and associations and other groups,” the staffer said. “By not releasing it publicly, [China] could deny it and say it’s just guidance.”

New import restrictions could also make it difficult for China to make up lost ground in meeting its commitment to buy an additional US$200 billion in US goods and services under the US-China trade deal, compared to 2017 levels.