In Egypt, belly dancers from Eastern Europe and Latin America step into the shoes of locals who increasingly shun the profession

At a Cairo wedding hall, Russian belly dancer Anastasia Biserova shimmied to the dance floor in a bright, high-slit skirt and an elaborately sequinned bra top. She swirled her diaphanous pink shawl and glided through the hall as a band pumped out music, while the crowd broke into rapturous applause – all captured in a video posted online. “There is no country around the world that appreciates belly dancing like Egypt,” she later says. “Here, there is a growing trend to invite foreign belly dancers to weddings, nightclubs and other events.” Biserova came to Cairo more than four years ago and has built a solid name for herself. View this post on Instagram A post shared by انستازيا (@anastasiabiserova_official) Belly dancers from Eastern Europe, Russia, Latin America and elsewhere have dominated the scene in recent years in Egypt – long regarded as the birthplace of belly dancing. The North African country has seen its community of home-grown dancers shrink, largely due to the profession’s increasing notoriety as the country has become more conservative over the last half-century – and to a broadening crackdown on freedoms. The profession took a further hit as Egypt’s novel coronavirus outbreak forced the temporary suspension of large weddings and the shuttering of nightclubs – though many dancers continued to enthral audiences with online videos. Belly dancer Maria Lurdiana Alves Tejas says it took her some time to come to terms with Egyptians’ conflicted view of her profession. The Brazilian, known as Lurdiana, says she had performed to enthusiastic crowds at weddings and nightclubs, and had even taught at gym classes. View this post on Instagram A post shared by Lurdiana لورديانة (@lurdianabellydancer) “But there are some who do not see me as a professional – or [who think] that I did not have a proper education and am only doing this to show my body for money,” she says. “It was very difficult and sad because I spent years learning.” Egypt’s belly dancing scene thrived last century, when icons like Samia Gamal and Tahya Carioca rose to fame on the silver screen. But researchers say Egyptian society has largely seen the dance as entertainment, to be watched but never taken up as a profession. “This view was bolstered by popular culture, and movies which depicted belly dancers as coquettes, prostitutes or home wreckers,” says Shaza Yehia, author of a 2019 book on the history of the dance. Arabic terms for dancers – raqasat and awalem – now often bear offensive and racy connotations. Recently, authorities have targeted dancers, pop divas and social media influencers who have posted videos online. Often loosely worded charges against them have included violating “family values” or “public decency”. Foreigners have not been spared in the crackdown. In 2018, Russian belly dancer Ekaterina Andreeva – known as Johara – was briefly arrested for donning a costume deemed too revealing, after a video of her performance circulated widely. According to Yehia and other researchers, belly dancing in Egypt is believed to have especially flourished during the 19th century. “Performers at the time were called ‘awalem’, or the knowledgeable, in reference to their ample knowledge in the arts of singing and dancing,” Yehia says. Its modern-day manifestation was in part shaped by Westerners during colonial times, she adds. Some even argue that the term “belly dance”, or “danse du ventre”, was originally coined by the French. “Foreign writers and painters portrayed their own fantasies about Eastern belly dancers,” Yehia says. “These views stirred imaginations in the West, which later sought to turn them into reality.” International dance moves were incorporated into the Oriental dance, and costumes altered to appeal to popular tastes. View this post on Instagram A post shared by (@allakushnirofficial) Now, conservatives and traditionalists view belly dancers’ gauzy skirts and glittery bra tops as too revealing, and often accuse them of being “vulgar” and “overtly sexual”. Dancers performing to classical Arabic music have also become a rarity, instead usually preferring popular electro street music, known as mahraganat – a genre with fast beats and improvised vocals that purists view as overstepping moral boundaries. Despite the apparent contradictions, foreign belly dancers in Egypt say coming to the country was the right choice. “Foreigners have to come here to fully understand, perform and practise,” says Ukrainian belly dancer Alla Kushnir. “Egypt is simply the land of belly dancing.”