“I absolutely love pop-punk and emo music,” Rodrigo told Billboard in February. “People are longing for those super-emotional, less polished moments in music, so the aggressiveness of punk is really enticing.”

The rise of these artists marks an about-face for pop punk, which seemed like a boys’ club at its mainstream peak in the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s. Male-led acts such as Green Day, The Offspring, Blink-182 and Sum 41 dominated the charts and airwaves with their take on the genre.

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But this girl-power edge harks back to the foremothers of pop punk in the ’70s and ’80s. Groups like The Runaways and Blondie blazed a trail during this time and proved that women can still rock out, even in a man’s world.

The revival is also being propelled by a genre-fluid generation of fans, eager to consume and indifferent to the niches of traditional music categories.

“Kids just kind of like everything,” says Mike Damante, author of Hey Suburbia: A Guide to the Emo/Pop-Punk Rise. “Younger artists pull from all these different influences, and they’re not afraid to do so because the fan base is more open to hearing different types of music.”

“I’ve struggled with my mental health my whole life, so a lot of my lyrics were slightly dark, even if people don’t notice it,” Go-Go’s guitarist Jane Wiedlin said in 2020. “Part of the Go-Go’s formula.

“We like sunny, catchy melodies, and have a little bit of lyrical darkness to throw in there, to give it balance – a yin-yang thing.”

From the unapologetic snarl of Rodrigo’s Good 4 U to the expletive-laden lyrics of Eilish’s Happier Than Ever, Gen Z women are embracing anger and “expressions that previous generations might have found ugly or unladylike”, turning a genre like pop punk into an outlet, says Laura Goode, who lectures on feminist, gender and sexuality studies at Stanford University in the US.

“There’s a natural connection between that completely justifiable anger and listening to loads of music that express and illuminate that anger,” Goode says.

Mimi Thi Nguyen, associate professor of gender and women’s studies at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, says that while “there are a lot of different genres that lend themselves to rage and frustration and critique”, punk music is “an expressive musical genre that is made for being [angry] at what is happening around us”.

It’s this “emotionally stripped-down” nature that’s driving fans toward pop punk again, Damante says, adding that listeners latch onto the genre’s authenticity and “heart-on-the-sleeve lyrics”.

Skye Sweetnam, lead singer of the metal band Sumo Cyco, can attest to this confessional use of music.

“Having a place like heavy music to channel all that kind of energy – your thoughts, your feelings – is a really positive way to do that,” she says.

Pop punk’s unapologetic boldness also provides a vehicle for women to re-examine – and relieve themselves of – topical social issues shaping their experience.

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“There are a lot of things happening socially and politically, and people just want to scream and growl and express themselves because this time in life and in America and on Earth is not easy,” Smith told Nylon in July 2021.

Lucy O’Brien, author of She Bop: The Definitive History of Women in Popular Music, says the freedom found in punk rock has historically given it a social dimension.

“Punk and feminism have always sat very comfortably with each other,” O’Brien says. “Some of the core ideas in punk and feminism mirror each other to a degree: that sense of following no rules and DIY creative expression to the fullest.”

Sweetnam says the unpolished nature of pop punk may resonate with women now as “[we come] out of an age where a lot of things have been the polished Instagram version of your life”.

“People are really hungry for that authenticity, to see those moments of realness and weakness,” she says. “When you grow up, you don’t just become this airbrushed, perfect, polished person. We still have deep emotions; we still have flaws. We still have those moments of regret or mistakes.”

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Regardless of its genesis, this mainstream dominance of women in pop punk represents a notable inflection point, as it highlights the gendered lens through which artists have often been appraised.

“We still have questions about types or styles of music in connection with gender,” says Lori Gooding, associate professor of music therapy at Florida State University.

“That in and of itself still tells us what we are working toward as a culture, as a society, is a place where anyone can engage in any kind of music that wouldn’t be seen as different or unusual or inappropriate because of their gender.”

On a broader level, this feminine wave of pop-punk representation also speaks to women’s resilience in fighting through the noise to make their voices heard, no matter the genre or era. And the multiplatinum, viral success of artists like Rodrigo, Eilish and Smith indicate there’s an audience receptive to this self-empowered fury.

“Young women have been making angry music all along, whether or not anyone wanted to listen to it,” Nguyen says.

“There are a lot of things for young women to write angry music about. That has not stopped in a really long time, and it doesn’t look like it’s going to stop any time soon.”