Of the 26 Bollywood releases this year, 20 have been flops, defined as losing half or more of their investment, according to the Koimoi website, which tracks industry data.

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That is about double the failure rate in 2019, before the pandemic shook up society and forced hundreds of millions of Indians to wean themselves off cinemas, for decades the bastion of Bollywood and its main source of revenue.

Christina Sundaresan, a 40-year-old mother of two teenage girls in Mumbai, used to see at least one Bollywood movie a week in the cinema before the pandemic. Now she rarely goes.

“I mean, they are OK to watch when you need a laugh but I would not go to a theatre for them,” she says. “My daughters used to watch every movie with us, but now they’re not interested either. They are very much into Korean shows and series which air on these streaming platforms.”

A quarter of India’s 1.4 billion people now use such services, up from about 12 per cent in 2019, according to market data firm Statista. The figure is expected to hit 31 per cent by 2027, and there is room to grow; take-up is about 80 per cent in North America, for example.

Indian box-office revenues had risen every year for a decade to reach around US$2 billion in 2019 before slumping during the pandemic. They show little sign of bouncing back.

Ticket sales have fallen every month since March this year, sequentially, industry trackers show. Revenues from Bollywood films specifically are expected to fall 45 per cent in the July-September quarter versus pre-Covid levels, according to research from investment banking firm Elara Capital.

Bollywood can no longer take audiences for granted and has to adapt if it hopes to survive and thrive, according to interviews with film fans, as well as half a dozen industry players including producers, movie distributors and cinema operators.

Four of the executives painted a picture of confusion and worry in the industry as studios release films that were supposed to hit the market before the pandemic struck and consumer taste evolved with the rise of streaming platforms, known in India as OTT or over-the-top services.

Producers are racing to rework scripts and considering linking actors’ fees to box-office performance instead of handing over an upfront payment, says Rajender Singh Jyala, chief programming officer at India’s second-biggest multiplex operator, Inox, citing his discussions with filmmakers.

“No one knows what the actual problem is,” he says. “During the pandemic there were no releases, everything was shut and people had a lot of time to watch on OTT and to watch different kinds of content. So what would have worked two years ago, that content is not worth today’s time.”

Yet it is not all doom and gloom, say Jyala and other executives. There is no turning back the clock to Bollywood’s heyday, but they say a few big hits could breathe new life into the industry and that it could ultimately find a new balance with streaming services and the money they bring to the table.

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Nonetheless, executives must adapt quickly.

Indian films rely on cinemas for nearly three-quarters of their revenue, researchers at O.P. Jindal Global University near New Delhi found. By contrast, films globally draw less than half of their income from box offices, according to data from America’s Motion Picture Association.

Fans of Bollywood, a century-old institution, say it can evolve to stay relevant. Recent shifts to better reflect society include the introduction of gay relationships and characters who change their gender, for example.

For New Delhi university student Vaishnavi Sharma, studios simply need to step up their game.

“The storyline is the issue and since the past two years the audience has been exposed to so many new themes and they have been introduced to new concepts as well, so that is why I guess Bollywood is lacking in that area,” she says.

The writing was on the wall last month when a pair of big-budget films bombed despite starring two of Bollywood’s box-office darlings, Kumar and Aamir Khan.

The poor showing of Kumar’s Raksha Bandhan, about the bond between a brother and his sisters, provoked the actor’s comments about films not working.

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The flops represented steep reversals for the two A-listers, action and comedy favourites whose films have been known to recover all costs within the first week over the years.

Inox’s Jyala said the multiplex was reducing the number of showings of Laal Singh Chaddha by a quarter because of its poor performance.

A senior Bollywood producer, who has two big-budget films lined up for release and speaks on condition of anonymity, says that producers were “recalibrating everything” for new projects in the works, from budgets and scripts to the choice of actors.

“We have to adapt to audiences and what they want,” says the producer, but added: “I don’t have the answers any more.”

The cost of going to the cinema is another key issue cited by film fans and industry players at a time when India, like much of the world, is wrestling with a cost-of-living crisis.

“There has to be a correction somewhere – budgets need to be reworked and the cost of going to the movies also has to reduce,” says Anil Thadani, who owns a film production and distribution company and is married to Bollywood actress Raveena Tandon.

“The Hindi film industry is making films that are cut off from the masses. A large part of our population doesn’t always identify with these films.”

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This sentiment was echoed by Sundaresan, the mother of teenage girls in Mumbai.

“Going to a theatre, sitting in one seat and not watching a movie at your own pace seems like a waste of time now,” she says. “There are so many better things to watch on OTT.”

Karan Taurani, media analyst at Elara Capital, says he expects a rebalancing in the fees paid to leading actors, with most producers moving towards a revenue-sharing model and more of a film’s budget going on production and special effects.

“It has been more than five months that cinemas have been fully functional and only three films have been hits – and all these three are not by large stars,” he added.

There will be no immediate Bollywood overhaul, though, Taurani cautions.

“The shake-up will happen early next year when the current crop of films which were made during and before the pandemic will be done.”