You may be talking about two separate things here. Some children are numerically proficient but can't come up with alternative solutions to a logical problem.
Most of us follow a similar path when solving problems. But there are those who can see other ways around them, and can do it more quickly, too. Schools are trying to enhance this kind of alternate way of thinking.
Analysing a problem carefully to try and understand what is being asked is the key. Teachers may throw in extra information, or red herrings like homonyms, to distract students. This helps them develop the skills to break problems apart and recognise the pieces.
With real-life problems, understanding the underlying issue goes beyond what is being said. We've all seen people who are angry and act irrationally when trying to deal with a problem. But anger clouds judgement. Good problem solvers keep calm and try to find out what is wrong.
Problem solvers have a sensitivity to people and a strong awareness of logic, as well as the confidence to communicate it effectively.
This is probably well beyond what your teacher is talking about, but it is part of the path they are trying to show your son. Listen carefully to the details, understand what the real problem is, and work towards a positive, fair solution.