Dumplings – what defines the parcels found in Asian, European, African and Latin American cuisines? Nothing, actually

What is a dumpling? That’s the question I posed to dozens of chefs and other experts over the past year on my quest to understand one of the world’s most beloved, pervasive foods. “Technically, a spring roll is a dumpling,” chef Shirley Chung says during a recent visit to her Ms. Chi restaurant in Culver City, California. Seated next to her at a table are food writer Andy Wang and culinary consultant and event producer Caryl Chinn. I sought counsel from these three because they are known for their dumpling expertise – after all, they refer to themselves as the Dumpling Mafia. “The definition is [it] has a wrapper and has a filling. ‘Dumpling’ is a big umbrella,” Chung says. Also on her list of dumplings: cabbage rolls, empanadas, even calzone pizzas, which she refers to as “giant dumplings”. “So based on this, then, a chimichanga is a dumpling,” Wang adds. “A taquito is a dumpling because it’s a Mexican spring roll,” Chung says. And we all descend into the dumpling rabbit hole. According to cookbook author Andrea Nguyen, there is no right answer about what makes a dumpling a dumpling. “I think the problem is people always want a narrow answer, and when you think of the breadth of what a dumpling is you have to really be flexible,” she says. “When you realise that every single cuisine has a dumpling … food is a way to unite us, not divide us, so be generous with the answer.” At first I thought the history of the dumpling might shed some light on a definition. Turns out, there is no single, widely agreed-upon origin for dumplings. The best dumplings in Hong Kong and a filmmaker’s pick for fried chicken Author Barbara Gallani traces their evolution in her 2015 book, Dumplings: A Global History, citing variations in the Middle East, Central Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe dating back centuries. Gallani’s book recognises dumplings that are filled and wrapped, unwrapped and unfilled, roughly cut, precisely folded and everything in between. “The dumpling has developed independently in many different parts of the world through the use of common ingredients,” she writes. “Travel and commercial exchanges have contributed to the transfer of certain shapes and combinations of tastes from country to country and across continents.” Depending on who you ask, tamales and humitas in Latin America, fermented corn kenkey in West Africa, cinnamon-sauced souskluitjies in South Africa, Turkey’s tatar boregi (also known as manti) and spaetzle in Austria are all dumplings. The etymology of many terms relates to their shape or filling. “The English word dumpling, for example, has been traced back to the 16th or 17th century when the now-obsolete noun ‘dump’, which probably meant ‘lump’, was given a diminutive suffix,” writes Gallani. In Cantonese, the word wonton can be translated to “swallowing clouds”, which can reference the shape of dumplings floating in soup. Jiaozi, Chinese crescent dumplings, derive their name from both their shape (jiao can mean “horn”) and backstory. It is widely believed that a Chinese medical practitioner named Zhang Zhongjing invented jiaozi during the Han dynasty, looking for a way to help villagers suffering from frostbite, mainly around the ears, during the bitterly cold winters. He wrapped mutton and healing herbs in scraps of dough and served them in hot broth. It’s easy to associate dumplings with Asian cuisine. In her 2009 book Asian Dumplings, Nguyen purposely included dishes that would challenge most people’s understanding of Asian dumplings. There are recipes in her book for spicy potato samosas; beef, sweet potato and raisin turnovers; Shanghai and Filipino spring rolls; sticky rice and chicken in lotus leaf; dried shrimp and scallion rice rolls; Nepalese vegetable and cheese dumplings; steamed filled buns and baked buns. “The thing with Asian dumplings is people think that they just boil down to dim sum, and even in the world of dim sum, there are all kinds. They are not all potstickers and soup dumplings,” says Nguyen. Hong Kong chef photographs ‘forgotten’ restaurants to give them some PR “When I was considering what dumplings to include, I went to the crux of what a dumpling is, and they are inherently made with common ingredients you have on hand, and that’s why they comfort us so much.” I grew up sampling a multitude of dumplings at grand Chinese shopping centres in Southern California’s San Gabriel Valley, well-lighted, colourful mazes full of restaurants touting dense and wheaty boiled fish dumplings, steamer baskets full of thin-skinned xiao long bao, translucent-skinned har gao, wontons that looked like fish tails floating in chilli oil, pan-fried potstickers and golden half-moons swollen with chopped greens and glass noodles. When travelling, I visit the Chinatown of any major city in search of dumplings. I started taking friends on dumpling crawls about a decade ago, eager to introduce any interested party to the wide swathes available in my beloved shopping malls. Although the crawls primarily took place in the San Gabriel Valley, I knew there was so much more to explore. In Los Angeles, we’re lucky enough to find dumplings from all over the world. There are king dumplings as big as softballs, buoyant and teeming with bits of chopped pork and kimchi, glass noodles and chives in Koreatown. Plates of gyoza connected by a thin, crispy layer of lacy starch are never hard to find. Glendale is home to trays of manti doused in a savoury tomato sauce and thick yogurt. Dictionary catches up with foodies, adds 9 food words, banh mi among them “Chinese families, we fold dumplings together for Lunar New Year; … Mexican families, they get together Christmas Eve to make tamales together,” Chung says. “It’s exactly the same culture. It’s all about love and family.” Jenn Harris recently filmed Los Angeles Times video series The Bucket List: Dumplings