He lives in Riverland, a region in South Australia that produces about a third of the nation’s crush. Since 2020, a convergence of Covid-fuelled cost increases and Chinese tariffs has pushed up supply and depressed prices in the country.

While Townsend was never fully reliant on grape growing for his income and works part-time in wine and food tourism, not every farmer has been so lucky.

“There’s a lot of people that don’t see a future in the wine industry,” said Lyndall Rowe, chief executive officer of Riverland Wine, an industry group representing growers and winemakers.

It’s a problem that is playing out around the world.

Although global production hit a 60-year low in 2023, a wine glut is persisting, suggesting that demand is falling even faster.

And while data from the International Organisation of Vine and Wine show that global consumption has lagged behind production of wine since at least 1995, the industry has hit an inflection point as changing drinking patterns and lacklustre economic conditions seem here to stay.

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California is currently experiencing “one of the worst imbalances in demand and supply we’ve seen in 30 years”, said Stuart Spencer, executive director of the Lodi Winegrape Commission in the state’s Central Valley.

Meanwhile, Australia produced its smallest amount of wine in 15 years in the 2022-23 season, but continues to struggle with historically high inventory levels, according to a November report by industry group Wine Australia.

On top of Covid, costs for inputs like fuel and fertiliser have gone up because of the war in Ukraine, and insurance premiums are increasing because of climate change, said Richard Halstead, chief operating officer of consumer insights at alcoholic drink research company IWSR.

“The recent sharp increases in input costs have destabilised wine’s very delicate economic model,” he said.

Meanwhile, secular changes in drinking habits are taking root, with red wine feeling the pain more acutely. More people are drinking lower-alcohol sparkling, rosé or white wines instead of reds, said Christophe Chateau, spokesman for the Bordeaux Wine Council.

Gen Z consumers are also consuming less alcohol, fuelling a boom in non-alcoholic drinks.

In Riverland for example, Rowe does not expect many red wine producers, which make up almost all of the region’s output, to be able to sell at a profit this season, while some farmers are replacing the vines with other crops like almonds or watermelons.

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In Spain, there is an oversupply of Rioja reds, according to José Luis Benítez, director general at industry group Federación Española del Vino, while demand for white wine is high.

Farmers “are going to have problems down the line in one to two years because you cannot transform reds into whites”, he said.

The French government originally allocated €200 million (US$216 million) to help farmers nationwide pull up vineyards and send their wine to be converted into ethanol, promising each farmer €75 per hectolitre. Bordeaux, a major red-wine-producing region, received additional funding to pull up 9,500 hectares of land.

But supply destruction isn’t having a major effect. France overtook Italy to become the largest producer of wine in the world in 2023. Sign-ups for the ethanol scheme were so large that each farmer could only offload half the volume they wanted to, according to Chateau.

Bordeaux growers took part in the wider French farmer protests in January, in which they blockaded roads across the country over the removal of fuel subsidies and EU green policies. Grape farmers won a further €150 million for uprooting vines and planting alternative crops.

Adjustments are particularly hard for an industry like wine to make. Many winemakers go back generations and are steeped in tradition, while the nature of grape growing means long lead times and grapes themselves cannot be easily sold and repurposed.

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“What you plant today will be funding your children’s salaries – or even your grandchildren’s,” said Halstead. “So when markets change, it can be incredibly difficult to respond quickly.”

A well-maintained vine can last for more than 50 years, meaning that investment cycles tend to be measured in generations, he added.

Brands also haven’t done enough to meet new changes, said Spiros Malandrakis, industry manager of alcoholic drinks at Euromonitor International. For example, by focusing on developing premium brands at a time when people’s budgets are being squeezed, the industry is failing to cultivate a new generation of wine drinkers.

“If there are not cheap, economic, reliable wine brands to go to, you will just leave wine and just go into ready-to-drink cocktails or beer or cheap spirit brands,” said Malandrakis, adding that Gen Z’s use of cannabis has also lessened wine’s appeal.

That leaves no option for many farmers but to leave the industry altogether. A survey carried out by Riverland Wine in 2022 found that about a quarter of the region’s growers are planning on quitting in the next three years.

For Townsend, once he finishes removing his vines he plans to repopulate the barren land with native plants.

“The money that would’ve been lost from our vines towards the end will now return joy to us tenfold when we get to see the native animals and birds come back to our land,” he said.