Gene therapy helps late-stage leukaemia patients for whom other treatments failed
Leukaemia sufferers in Hong Kong, where it is among the 10 deadliest cancers, can take heart after more than two-thirds of patients given experimental immunotherapy saw their tumours shrink or disappear
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A cancer treatment that genetically alters immune cells has shown success in more than two-thirds of adults with the most common form of leukaemia, and for whom other medicines had failed, US researchers say.
The treatment, known as experimental chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy, has made headlines in recent years, particularly after it helped beat back paediatric leukaemia in the first US child to undergo the treatment.
Leukaemia is one of the top 10 causes of death from cancer in Hong Kong, with roughly 400 new cases diagnosed every year, according to the Hospital Authority.
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The latest study involved 24 adults, aged 40 to 73, with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) who had failed to respond to between three and nine other kinds of treatments and were not expected to live long.
Among the treatments that failed this group was ibrutinib, a targeted cancer drug approved in 2014 for CLL by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), according to the findings in the Journal of Clinical Investigation.
“It was not known whether CAR T-cells could be used to treat these high-risk CLL patients,” said lead author Cameron Turtle, an immunotherapy researcher at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre in Seattle, Washington, on Monday.
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The patients’ T-cells were extracted from their blood and modified in a lab to recognise CD19, a target on the surface of leukaemia cells.
The altered immune cells were then reinfused into the patients, where they swiftly multiplied and began to kill cancer cells.
Seventeen out of 24 members of the group saw their tumours shrink or disappear after the infusion, according to scans of their lymph nodes performed four weeks after the infusion.
“Our study shows that CD19 CAR T-cells are a highly promising treatment for CLL patients who have failed ibrutinib,” said Turtle.
However, side effects were common.
Twenty of the 24 experienced cytokine release syndrome – a cluster of symptoms that can include fever, nausea, chills, irregular heartbeat, headache, rash and low blood pressure.
“For the most part the side effects were reversible, but two patients had side effects severe enough to require being admitted to the intensive care unit and one of those patients died,” said the report.
The study is still in its early stages.
More research is needed to determine how long the patients can live cancer-free.
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After treatment, a subgroup of 12 patients underwent a genetic test called IGH deep sequencing, which allows researchers to track cancer cells in the body. Seven of the 12 were found to have no malignant gene sequences in their bone marrow. All seven of these patients were alive and free of disease at a median, or midpoint, follow-up of 6.6 months after CAR T-cell infusion, said the report.
Last week, an advisory panel to the FDA urged regulators to approve the treatment for paediatric leukaemia.
Experts say concerns about side effects are legitimate, but that the potential of the medicine to wipe out cancer heralds a new era for treatment.
The United States is expected to see about 20,000 new cases and 4,600 deaths from CLL this year alone.
