In the 1950s and 60s, when the artisans of Beijing’s last seven bow-making workshops were reassigned to state collectives, a craft that had been practised for more than 3,000 years came to a sudden halt. By the mid-90s, all remaining bowyers had passed away, with the exception of Yang Wentong. Come his death, it was believed, all knowledge of traditional Han Chinese ox-horn bow making would be lost forever.
“My father was the youngest in that generation. None of their children had made the effort to learn the work because they couldn’t see any future in it,” explains Yang’s son, Yang Fuxi. “The country was poor, incomes were low, and there was no call for our profession. By 1998, it was almost beyond retrieving.”
But in that year, Yang Wentong and his son restarted their family’s bow-making business, Ju Yuan Hao, which was originally established in 1721. Thanks to their efforts, and with the support of Hong Kong civil servant Stephen Selby, the craft has not only been brought back from the brink, but made a remarkable recovery.
The place to find Yang Fuxi on weekends is at his shop in Beijing’s Panjiayuan market. On Saturdays or Sundays, the capital’s biggest antique bazaar is a hive of bustle and colour, with Mao-morabilia from the 50s vying for attention with elegant porcelain vases, ancient lacquerware and modern acrylic paintings at thousands of stalls.
Yang’s appearance – full grey whiskers, top knot and black, Tang-style tunic suit – gives the 60-year-old the air of a sagacious time traveller. A photograph of his similarly attired grandfather, captured outside the old Ju Yuan Hao workshop in 1957, hangs next to a rack of bows in one corner of the shop. Above the picture is Yang’s most prized heirloom; a 200-year-old bow made to commemorate the centenary of Ju Yuan Hao, in 1821. Over green tea, Yang reminds customers of his craft’s long and distinguished pedigree.
In ancient China, archery ranked third among the six arts that formed the basis of a nobleman’s education (the others, in order of importance, were rites, music, charioteering, calligraphy and mathematics). Evincing the ethos of the time is a four-character calligraphy scroll on Yang’s wall. It’s an old proverb that can be translated as, “Archery is the measure of man.”
“Confucius had 3,000 disciples, yet only 72 mastered the six arts and could thus be considered perfect gentlemen,” says Yang, speaking of the revered Chinese philosopher who lived between 551 and 479BC. “By looking at the way a man handles a bow and arrow, you can judge his character and integrity: whether he is of high calibre or of lesser consequence.”
China’s sole female ruler, Tang-dynasty empress Wu Zetian (AD624-705), decreed archery to be compulsory for cavalry and infantry personnel in military examinations. Archery was still of paramount importance for soldiers during the Qing dynasty (1644-1912).
It is to the overthrow of the Ming dynasty, in 1644 – and to the bowyers supplying the conquering Qing soldiers, who entered the walled city of Beijing – that Yang traces his family’s business. Originally, he says, the guild of bowyers was allowed to set up shop around the southwest gate of the Forbidden City; a sign of their status in imperial society. In 1722, at the end of Emperor Kangxi’s reign, royal patronage was granted to the Yang family business in the form of permission to operate under a trademark name, Ju Yuan Hao.
The Qing dynasty reached its apogee in the 100 years or so that followed. Then it went into a decline, in part brought on by the inferiority of its weaponry compared with the muskets and cannons of encroaching Western armies. Bow makers’ accompanying fall in status saw their quarters relocated further east in the city, in 1824. The Ju Yuan Hao workshop there, where the photo of Yang’s grandfather was taken, is now the site of an exit from Beijing’s Dongsi subway station. The workshop was demolished in 1967.
In 1901, outmoded archery was finally removed from imperial China’s military examinations. But even in the republic that followed, archery as a sport generated enough demand to support 17 bow-making workshops. The seven remaining at the beginning of Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward, in 1958, were folded into state-owned collectives.
Yang’s grandfather, whose workshop and tools had been commandeered by the Number One Sporting Goods Co-operative, was commissioned to make a bow for the Great Helmsman himself. Traditional ox-horn bows featured, in fact, in the first and second National Games of the People’s Republic (held in 1959 and 1965).
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After that, however, China’s sports authorities heeded Soviet advice, switching to modern, steel bows imported from Poland. Mao’s economic failures had killed demand for non-essentials. Like other artisans, Yang’s father retrained – as a carpenter.
“In the early 90s, when I first met Yang, he was the only remaining traditional bow maker,” says Selby, who is British and was introduced to Yang Wentong in Beijing through the Chinese Archery Association. By then, Yang Snr had retired from carpentry and was repairing old weapons, while Selby was director of the Intellectual Property Department of the colonial Hong Kong government.
Outside office hours, however, Selby’s passion was traditional archery: practising it, collecting bows, researching the discipline and working on its revival. The foremost non-Chinese authority on traditional Chinese archery, he was scouring China for the surviving makers of the Northern Manchu style of bow. (The findings of Selby’s research would eventually inform his book Chinese Archery, published by Hong Kong University Press in 2000.)
A search of southern China had proven fruitless, and it was discovered that the last workshop of a school centred in Sichuan province had closed in the 40s. Yang Fuxi had learned bow making from his grandfather as a child, and he was already helping his father when Selby dropped into their lives.
“Xie Sufang [Selby’s Chinese name] initially had misgivings about whether we were the real thing,” Yang recalls of the Hong Kong civil servant’s quest. “At our first meeting, he only wanted to look and listen to us talk about what we were doing. But after going back to Hong Kong and checking, he returned and presented us with an inscribed plaque. It was a sign of his recognition.”
Yang Snr later received acknowledgement of their artisanship from the Beijing government, too, in the form of modest support to continue his craft. And five days before his death, in 2006, at the age of 76, Ju Yuan Hao received the honour of being included on China’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list.
So what is the difference between traditional Chinese archery, as practised for more than three millennia, and its modern equivalent?
Choice of materials, Yang Fuxi says, is key, and a traditional bow is made of a bamboo core that has been left for a year to dry. To the side facing the archer – the “belly” – a long strip of ox horn is glued using adhesive extracted from pig skins. On the other side – the “face” – cow sinews are glued, layer on layer. Birch-tree bark is then layered on to keep out moisture. Finally, the product is decorated, perhaps with ornate paintings or snakeskin, and stamped with the seal of the workshop.
When it comes to the bow, traditionalists would argue that modern archery is simply about hitting a target. To this end, the steel, fibreglass and carbon-fibre composite bows of today are often fitted with balancing weights and sighting mechanisms.
Traditional archery is more of an instinctual affair, its practitioners argue. Breathing techniques used to achieve concentration make it a form of qigong; a martial art dedicated to moral cultivation and self-improvement.
Learning from his father, Yang Fuxi had long nurtured the dream of reopening Ju Yuan Hao and, in 1998, with the help of friends, relatives and the National Sports Council of China, father and son realised that dream. The Ju Yuan Hao workshop can today be found in the village of Beiyaoyuan, just east of the capital’s sixth ring road.
Yang Fuxi has two answers when asked why he has devoted his later years to producing an obsolete weapon. Initially, the job was not at all well paid. “Firstly, I love this craft,” Yang says. “I loved learning from my grandfather when I was a child, and also from my father when he returned to it after retirement.”
Secondly, there is Yang Fuxi’s prickly temperament. “I don’t take to being ordered around,” he says. “If I don’t like the attitude of someone I’m working with, I won’t bite on my tongue. I’ll tell them directly and to their face.” He recalls arguments with policemen that sometimes turned violent during a stint as a taxi driver. “Working alone in this job is best suited to my character,” he adds.
Selby retired from the Hong Kong civil service in 2011. Today the 67-year-old is an adjunct professor in the department of industrial and systems engineering at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. “Xie Sufang helped us a lot in the early years,” Yang says. “He was a patron to my father. Then, through his international contacts, he directed a lot of business our way.”
As convenor of the Asian Traditional Archery Research Network, for example, Selby worked with the Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence, in Shau Kei Wan, to stage the exhibition “Archery Traditions of Asia”, which ran for six years from 2003. Pieces for the display were ordered from Ju Yuan Hao; and Yang was invited down to participate in seminars and performances.
Crucially for Ju Yuan Hao, Selby advised Yang to increase his prices by at least 10 per cent each year. From a few thousand yuan 20 years ago, the company’s bows now sell for 30,000 (US$4,370) to 40,000 yuan for a basic model, and up to 100,000 yuan for the most elaborate.
Yang says his customers can be divided into three camps: collectors, lovers of Chinese culture who will buy a traditional bow to hang on a wall; sportsmen, some even using his bows to hunt; gift buyers. “In an age where people basically have everything they need, buying a present is the hardest thing,” Yang says. “A traditional bow is a piece of rarity and distinction.”
Government officials, he says, sometimes buy his products to give as presents on trips abroad.
High prices have not just made Yang’s life more comfortable, they’ve also drawn more people into the trade. Yang’s 31-year-old son, Yang Yi, is among several apprentices he has trained. “I would say he has more patience and he’s better at concentrating on a task than me,” Yang says. “But he doesn’t have my ability to endure hardship. That, unfortunately, is a shortcoming common to his generation.”
Burly Yang Yi, however, compares himself favourably with his old school friends, many of who are now in office jobs. “I like the freedom of this job,” he says. “And I feel pride in keeping up traditional Chinese culture. It is a glorious thing.”
Yang Fuxi’s former apprentices are now among the dozen or so bowyers making traditional bows in the country. But can they resurrect the craft? Selby has hopes but also doubts. “Traditional bow making was very much a cooperative effort, with lots of craftsmen specialising in different parts of the bow,” he says. “When Yang Snr was reviving the craft, he had to do all the different operations himself, and many he’d never done before. So he had great difficulty.”
In the time of his grandfather, Yang Fuxi recalls that craftsmen who specialised in decorating finished bows were the highest paid, with monthly earnings of 1.2 Mexican silver dollars, a common unit of currency in China at the time. That compared with about one dollar per month for workmen making bow components, and 0.7 dollars for those making arrows.
In the days when several bow-making workshops clustered together, Yang says, in addition to division of labour there was also healthy competition. “Workmen working together can learn from each other, correcting each other’s mistakes and learning from each other’s strengths,” he says.
“Reviving Chinese archery as a martial art is the key to the future,” says Selby, who is himself an archery instructor, and fluent in Mandarin and Cantonese. “The problem is that people are just focusing on competitive archery; trying to hit the target any way they can. I don’t think that is good enough to distinguish traditional Chinese archery from modern Western archery.”
Selby admits that some of the new generation of artisans are making excellent traditional ox-horn bows. One bowyer he singles out for praise is Gao Xiang, working in Anda city, in the northeastern province of Heilongjiang. The current waiting time for those who order from Gao is more than a year.
Selby also says that since the beginning of the century, the number of enthusiasts learning to shoot with traditional bows in archery clubs across China has grown, with about 10,000 individuals now practising the sport. As something of a purist, he questions the methods of these archers, pointing out that most do not practise the mental and physical techniques of a true martial art. And yet for the craft they are supporting, which appeared extinct two decades ago, the future now looks bright.
