Mongolia’s Shamanist and Buddhist traditions of living in harmony with nature and its creatures “can contribute significantly to the urgent and no longer deferrable efforts to protect and preserve planet Earth”, he said.

Francis also praised Mongolia for its religious tolerance and nuclear-free policy, but warned that corruption was “the fruit of a utilitarian and unscrupulous mentality that has impoverished whole countries”.

Religions can “represent a safeguard against the insidious threat of corruption, which effectively represents a serious menace to the development of any human community”, he said.

Mongolia has been marred by corruption and environmental degradation in recent years, with its capital suffering from some of the world’s worst air quality and a scandal over embezzlement by officials sparking street protests last year.

Vast swathes of the country’s territory are also at risk of desertification due to climate change, overgrazing and mining.

Michel Chambon, a scholar of Catholics in Asia, said ahead of the visit that Francis might warn civil authorities of their duty to support democratic principles in more than name.

“Francis may be thinking, ‘I’m willing to play the game of coming here, attracting attention and showing how you’re a multi-religious, respectful country ... but by the way, where are you in terms of political inclusion, anti-corruption efforts?’”

In the vast Sukhbaatar Square, named for a Mongol revolutionary hero, more than 1,000 pilgrims and others hoped to catch a glimpse of the leader of the world’s 1.3 billion Catholics.

In the crowd was Mongolian Enkhtur Dagvadorj, who said Francis “seems a great person. He is indeed a global figure”.

“Although Mongolians are Buddhists, it is lovely to receive a Pope from Rome in our country. Also, his visit is very beneficial to our country in many aspects, from reputation to the economy,” he said.

The visit by the Argentine Jesuit will provide a boost to local Catholics, one of the smallest and youngest communities in the global reach of the Church at only about 1,400 members – including just 25 priests, two of them Mongolian, and 33 nuns.

The trip represents his desire to bring the Church’s message to remote, largely ignored areas far from Rome, but it also has the undeniably geopolitical aim of helping the Vatican keep the door open to the greater region.

Pope arrives in Mongolia, a nation of 1,400 Catholics on China’s doorstep

Francis’ trip to the doorstep of China, which has never extended an invitation for the pope to visit, drew some Chinese Catholics, with about a dozen waving the country’s flag during the welcome ceremony.

Some Chinese visitors did make to Mongolia for the trip, with one saying they came “specifically to see the Pope”.

“To us, if we see him, it’ll basically be like seeing Jesus,” the visitor said.

“We are super happy to be here, there are a lot of Catholics in China who wanted to come, but they couldn’t make it. So we feel quite blessed.”

Another woman, 26-year-old Tamir Amarjargal from China’s Inner Mongolia, said she was not Catholic but was nevertheless enthused.

“I hope he can visit China one day, that would be even better,” she said.

The Holy See renewed a controversial deal last year with Beijing that allows both sides a say in appointing bishops in China, a move critics have called a dangerous Vatican concession to Beijing in exchange for a presence in the country.

Beijing’s Communist Party is officially atheist and exercises strict control over all recognised religious institutions, including vetting sermons and choosing bishops.

The pope, who underwent a hernia operation in June, appeared to have difficulty walking on Saturday, gingerly taking steps with a cane when not in a wheelchair.

On Sunday, Francis will lead an interreligious meeting and conduct mass inside a newly built ice hockey arena.