He pleaded guilty in 2015, admitting that he had offered more than US$500,000 in cash bribes to navy officials, defence contractors and others who helped his scheme. He used his influence to get commanders to steer their ships mostly from the navy’s 7th Fleet to ports he controlled so he could cover up fake charges. Prosecutors say he bilked the navy out of at least US$35 million.

Malaysia’s ‘Fat Leonard’ on the run after escaping house arrest in the US

Why did he not get sentenced yet?

Francis was facing up to 25 years in prison but his sentencing hearing date was pushed back repeatedly until the latest date of September 22 because he was a key witness for the US attorney’s case. As part of his plea deal, he agreed to cooperate with the investigation stemming back to 2009.

With his help, prosecutors secured the convictions of 33 of 34 defendants, including more than two dozen navy officers. But while in custody, he was hospitalised and treated for renal cancer and other medical issues, undergoing unspecified procedures, according to court transcripts.

After leaving the hospital, he was allowed by the judge to stay at a condominium in 2018 to continue to receive medical care there but was ordered to wear a GPS monitoring ankle bracelet and have round-the-clock security guards on site.

What is known about his house arrest?

Francis moved from the condominium after having a falling out with the landlord, according to court transcripts. But rather than returning to jail, Francis’ lawyers were able to convince the judge to allow him to continue to remain on medical furlough. He moved to another rental property.

He would remain under house arrest for nearly five years. But US District Court Judge Janis Sammartino expressed repeated reservations about the arrangement that included Francis covering the costs of the private security firm in charge of watching him.

It was unclear from court records how many guards were on duty and where they were stationed, and what adjustments were made depending on his medical care. At a December 2020 court hearing, the judge learned that the home had been left unguarded for three hours while a security officer went to lunch.

Were concerns raised before he escaped?

Yes. Sammartino questioned defence lawyers who said Francis was too ill to be able to be treated by medical staff at the US Bureau of Prisons. She also was surprised to learn at one closed-door hearing that Francis’ three children and his mother were living in the main residence on the property where he was.

His lawyer asked the judge to allow him to walk his children to school and go to the grocery store on occasion, but she expressed concern that he already had a lot of leniency, according to court transcripts.

Questions about whether he still warranted medical furlough came up in late 2020 after the judge was sent a letter from a San Diego surgeon who gave Francis a clean bill of health after treating him. But his lawyer argued there were other health issues, and his medical furlough was extended to May 23, 2022. No other public transcripts regarding his living situation were released.

Malaysian who made illicit fortune from US Navy lives above his doctor’s garage

How did he escape?

Neighbours spotted U-Haul trucks coming and going from the residence as early as Friday, two days before Francis snipped off his monitoring bracelet with heavy scissors and disappeared on Sunday. San Diego police were called out to the home nearly six hours later.

What is being done to find him?

Ten US federal, state and local agencies are searching for Francis. Mexican authorities have also been notified to be on alert for him since his home was only 40 minutes from the US-Mexico border. The US Marshals Service has put out a notice asking the public for information.