Those who test positive, as well as their contacts, are all sent to central quarantine facilities, while a flare-up in a factory can grind production to a halt.

05:06

Explainer: How China’s Covid-19 health code system works

Explainer: How China’s Covid-19 health code system works

Rights groups say the rules are feeding Covid-related discrimination and shutting out thousands of people from China’s already bleak job market – with migrant workers and young people hit hardest.

“People are afraid they might contract the virus from us, so they shun us,” said Zuo, who only gave her last name for fear of retribution for speaking to the media.

“Recruiters check Covid testing history going back several months during an interview.”

China’s strict control measures have led to stigma against not just recovered patients, but also their families, neighbours, friends and even frontline health workers, said Jin Dongyan from the school of biomedical sciences at Hong Kong University.

“It is unscientific to think that people who were infected once will continue to carry the virus and be infectious long after recovering,” Jin said.

“Due to the lack of awareness, some fear that those who have been infected are more susceptible to being reinfected, but in reality, it’s the opposite.”

Zuo is now fighting a court battle with her employer, who has refused to pay her wages since she got sick, and who cites her disease history as a reason to bar her from returning to work.

Her employer, a service company named Shanghai Yuanmao BPO, declined to comment citing the pending court case.

He Yuxiu is a Chinese social media influencer who goes by a pseudonym and was living in Ukraine until Russia invaded.

She fled the war and returned home, then found a job as a Russian-language teacher in north China’s Hebei province, relieved to have left her troubles behind.

But when her school learned that she had been infected with Covid-19 while in Ukraine, she was fired.

“I never imagined I’d lose my first job for this reason,” she said in a video posted on China’s Twitter-like Weibo.

“Why should we be treated like a virus when we have defeated it?”

The stigma is widespread – job ads for factory workers in Shanghai posted last month said applicants with a history of Covid-19 infection would be refused work.

The story of a young woman who lived for weeks in a toilet block in Shanghai’s Hongqiao railway station after she was unable to find work or return to her village because of the stigma of having been infected went viral last month.

And a theatre in the southern Chinese city of Foshan was forced to apologise after a notice banning recovered patients from entering sparked a public backlash.

02:04

Stranded tourists, expats in ‘China’s Hawaii’ join fight against latest Covid-19 outbreak

Stranded tourists, expats in ‘China’s Hawaii’ join fight against latest Covid-19 outbreak

But jobseekers and activists are sceptical.

Factories in Shanghai continued to refuse to hire recovered workers, even after the city announced strict anti-discrimination rules, employment agent Wang Tao said, because they feared a mass outbreak or health inspections.

“Some factories give different excuses despite being short of workers,” Wang said. “But all those who are turned down have tested positive in the past.”

AFP contacted eight manufacturers named by Chinese state media as having engaged in discriminatory practices – including iPhone manufacturer Foxconn – but they declined to comment.

“It’s very difficult for workers to protect their rights since most employers offer different excuses and it is hard to prove that a labour law has been violated in these cases,” said Aidan Chau, a researcher for the rights group China Labour Bulletin.

“It is important for labour unions to step up. But many small and medium factories don’t have one.”

Those who have tested positive are often referred to as “little sheep people” on Chinese social media. In Mandarin, the word for “positive” and “sheep” are pronounced the same way.

“It is very difficult for recovered patients to go back to our normal lives,” said Zuo, the cleaner from Shanghai.

“No matter where we go, our infection history will follow us like a dark shadow.”