“The US has always imposed restrictions on the export of American technology to China. Whether it is IBM or Microsoft, they have always limited our access to higher-end processors,” Tao said at the Understanding China conference in the southern city of Guangzhou, an event staged by Beijing think tank the China Institute for Innovation and Development Strategy.

Those restrictions have had a bigger effect in recent times because there were more Chinese tech firms, particularly start-ups, Tao said.

“This has created a crisis for us which tells us the importance of investing more heavily in basic science research,” she said, “This will certainly slow us down, and the development in some areas could even be stalled for a time until we come up with the solution.”

Sinovation, founded in 2009 by Kaifu Lee, a former senior Google executive, has been at the forefront of China’s rapidly growing AI industry.

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With offices in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, Sinovation has invested in more than 300 start-ups, including photo-editing app Meitu and Mobike, a bicycle-sharing app.

It was also one of the first to feel the heat of the US-China tech war, when a unit of the US defence department highlighted Sinovation in a report titled “China’s Technology Transfer Strategy” in January 2018. It called the firm “a great example of an active Chinese venture firm investing in the US” in areas such robotics, computer vision and virtual reality.

Eight on the list were AI tech firms, including facial recognition specialist start-up Megvii Technology, which counts Sinovation Ventures as one of its backers. Lee, an early Megvii backer, wrote in a book published last year that the start-up was “a world leader in facial and image-recognition technology”.

Lee’s firm got out of the US market amid an increasingly hostile business environment towards Chinese firms, closing its American branch after the head of its Silicon Valley office departed in late 2017.

“We decided to open an office [in 2013] in Silicon Valley because it would allow us to learn about the latest technology and new business models. We also aimed to bring American entrepreneurs into the Chinese market,” Tao said. “But because of the new laws caused by the trade war, our investment there was met by increasing limitations, so we decided to close the office.”

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As part of the escalating trade war, the US stepped up its scrutiny of Chinese investments by increasing the scope of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the US to review non-controlling stakes and investments in addition to takeovers.

In November 2018, Lee told Bloomberg information service that he was considering scaling back investments in the US if relations between Beijing and Washington continued to deteriorate.

About 95 per cent of the firm’s money had been invested in China, and Lee was quoted as saying “that could easily be 98 or 100 per cent”.

He said US policy was forcing his firm to “look for smart, technical Chinese people in America and bring them back to China”.

Tao said that as a US government crackdown on foreign influence spilled into academia, taking a toll on Chinese or Chinese-American researchers, China could benefit from Trump’s anti-immigration policy.

“While the US is driving talent away, it is the perfect time for us to race to bring them back to China.”

This talent, Tao said, would be the key asset in fuelling China’s rise in the field.

The Chinese government wants world leadership in artificial intelligence by 2030, when the domestic industry is forecast to be worth about US$150 billion.

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With the proliferation of AI technology-based applications in recent years, the huge trove of data produced by China’s consumer market has given Chinese AI companies an advantage over their US counterparts.

But China will need breakthroughs in core technologies and research theories to cement its leadership position.

“As Chinese tech companies advance, there are fewer and fewer [examples] for us to emulate and to learn from. We have now become the leader, so this has created a pressure for us to break new ground, and the key to finding new direction through basic research,” she said.

“We rely on scientific and tech talent in achieving breakthroughs, so it is of the utmost importance that we attract more talent. The advance in theories made in academic papers is not something that can be banned or restricted by one country.”