Wuttke said that was “very encouraging” and showed China may still try to source products and services globally. “Let’s see how it will be implemented over the next year or so. We will also have to see how long the phase one is going to survive. This is going to be a very challenging undertaking for both parties,” he said.

Under the deal, China has committed to buy, over two years, at least US$200 billion of American goods and services more than it did in 2017, including manufacturing, energy and agricultural products.

Liu said the purchases would be based on market demand and “won’t hurt any third party”.

But European diplomats fear the bloc could be sidelined as China puts its focus on the US. Chinese officials have repeatedly stressed that Beijing would continue to treat Europe as a partner, and the EU envoy to China was given a briefing on the trade deal by the foreign ministry on Thursday in a bid to ease concerns.

European trade officials have been negotiating an investment pact of their own with China, seeking to change some of the unfavourable market practices they have long complained about, and to create a more even playing field for foreign businesses. The EU is also looking to reset its trade and investment relationship with the US – the world’s biggest economy – after three years of President Donald Trump’s tariffs. However, it has yet to achieve a deal with either side.

China hails phase one trade deal, with focus on strategic value over specific details

Former EU trade commissioner Cecilia Malmstrom also weighed in on the US-China deal after it was signed. “De-escalation [between the US and China] is good but very few tariffs are actually being reduced,” she said in a Twitter post. “Managed trade [is] not in line with multilateral norms and not really good for the economy either.”

Since the new European Commission came to power just before Christmas under President Ursula von der Leyen, the EU has been trying to deliver the message that outside the United States and China, the bloc is of equal strategic importance.

Much of that centres around trade, and the new trade commissioner, Phil Hogan, who happens to be in Washington this week. Top of his mind will be finding a way to persuade Trump not to wage a tariffs war with the EU – a scenario that has haunted the bloc in recent months amid disputes over France’s new digital services tax and European support for Boeing’s chief rival, Airbus.

But pessimism persists in Brussels. “With South Korea, Japan, Canada, Mexico and now China under his buckle, the Trump administration has already indicated to dust off the outstanding issues with the EU – namely the trade deficit,” said Tobias Gehrke, a research fellow at the Brussels-based Egmont Institute. “There will be no easy answers to this question and 2020 will likely see a further deterioration of the transatlantic relationship.”

EU officials have also complained about the slow progress in discussions towards the investment agreement with China, which is slated for the end of the year. Initial hopes of the agreement coinciding with President Xi Jinping’s visit to Leipzig, Germany to meet all 27 EU heads of state in September have largely evaporated in recent weeks. And with Beijing securing a partial deal with Washington – with little mention of tough issues like structural reforms or state subsidies – some in Brussels fear it will only embolden China at the negotiating table.

“The phase one deal provides a sober reality: China’s increase in trade purchases seems to leave it off the hook for structural reforms and binding commitment on issues such as industrial subsidies or forced technology transfer,” Gehrke said.

The deal has other trading partners worried too, including Brazil. Its soybean exporters are expecting to take a hit after benefiting from the trade war.

“The negotiations between China and the US have been a concern for the Brazilian agribusiness sector during all of 2019. The general perception among its leaders is that any deal between Beijing and Washington will have negative consequences for Brazil’s agricultural exports,” said Mauricio Santoro, an assistant professor in international relations at the State University of Rio de Janeiro.

Why the US-China trade deal should not be scoffed at – it’s about more than pork and soybeans

He said Brazilian exports to China were highly concentrated – with around 80 per cent in soybean, iron ore, oil and meat. Brazil is the world’s largest soybean exporter and the main supplier to China.

“It is natural that agribusiness is concerned about the risk of losses. But on the other hand, it is worth noting that Brazil in general will probably benefit from a truce in the trade war,” he said. “The country needs a stable global economy in order to recover foreign investment and to resume its economic growth after almost a decade of recession and very low GDP performance – little over 1 per cent yearly.”