Killer robots not far off, Human Rights Watch warns
Human Rights Watch warns of development of fully automonous combat machines
Hollywood-style robots able to shoot people without permission from their human handlers are a real possibility and must be banned before governments start deploying them, campaigners warned.
The report "Losing Humanity" - issued on Monday by Human Rights Watch and Harvard Law School's International Human Rights Clinic - raised the alarm over the ethics of the looming technology.
Calling them "killer robots", the report urged "an international treaty that would absolutely prohibit the development, production, and use of fully autonomous weapons".
The US military already leads the way in military robots, notably the unmanned aircraft or drones used for surveillance or attacks over Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen and elsewhere. But these are controlled by human operators in ground bases and are not able to kill without authorisation.
Fully autonomous robots that decide for themselves when to fire could be developed within 20 to 30 years, or "even sooner", the 50-page report said, adding that weapon systems that require little human intervention already exist.
Perhaps closest to the Terminator-type killing machine portrayed in Arnold Schwarzenegger's action films is a Samsung sentry robot already being used in South Korea, with the ability to spot unusual activity, talk to intruders and, when authorised by a human controller, shoot them.
Fully autonomous fighting machines would mean that human troops would not need to be exposed to dangerous battle field situations. However, the downside is that robots would then be left to make nuanced decisions on their own, the most fraught being the need to distinguish between civilians and combatants in a war zone.
"A number of governments, including the United States, are very excited about moving in this direction, very excited about taking the soldier off the battlefield and putting machines on the battlefield and thereby lowering casualties," said Steve Goose, arms division director at Human Rights Watch.
The problem with handing over decision-making power to even the most sophisticated robots is that there would be no clear way of making anyone answer for the inevitable mistakes, said Noel Sharkey, professor of artificial intelligence and robotics at the University of Sheffield.
"If a robot goes wrong, who's accountable? It certainly won't be the robot," he said.
"The robot could take a bullet in its computer and go berserk. So there's no way of really determining who's accountable and that's very important for the laws of war."
