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Agence France-Presse

Takaaki Kajita of Japan and Arthur McDonald of Canada have been awarded the Nobel Physics Prize for resolving a mystery about neutrinos, a fundamental but enigmatic particle.
The pair were honoured for work that helped determine that neutrinos have mass, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.
“The discovery has changed our understanding of the innermost workings of matter and can prove crucial to our view of the Universe,” it said.
The findings, it added, threw down a challenge to the so-called Standard Model - the conceptual model of the particles and forces of the cosmos.
Neutrinos are lightweight neutral particles that are created as the result of nuclear reactions, such as the process that makes the Sun shine.

Next to particles of light called photons, they are the most abundant particles in the Universe.
Their existence was tentatively proposed in 1930, but was only proved in the 1950s, when nuclear reactors began to produce streams of the particles.
The prevailing theory was that neutrinos were massless, but experiments carried out separately by teams led by Kajita in Japan and McDonald in Canada showed that this was not the case.
Many neutrinos blasted out from the Sun - a type called electron neutrinos - “oscillated” en route to become cousin particles called muon-neutrinos and tau-neutrinos, they found.
Under the quirky rules of quantum physics, the identity change can only happen if the neutrinos have mass.
“This is of groundbreaking importance for particle physics and for our understanding of the Universe,” the Nobel committee said.
“The experiments have... revealed the first apparent crack in the Standard Model. It has become obvious that the Standard Model cannot be the complete theory of how the fundamental constituents of the Universe function.”
Intense activity is underway worldwide in order to understand more about the elusive particles.
“New discoveries about their deepest secrets are expected to change our current understanding of the history, structure and future fate of the Universe,” the jury said.
Kajita and McDonald will share the eight million Swedish kronor (around HK$7.5m) prize.
Last year, the prize went to three Japanese-born researchers - Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura - for pioneering energy-efficient LED lighting, a weapon against global warming and poverty.


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Nobel Prize

Japanese and Canadian win Nobel Physics Prize for resolving mystery about neutrinos

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the two researchers had made key contributions to experiments showing that neutrinos change identities.   Photo: AFP


Neutrinos are particles that whiz through the universe at nearly the speed of light. They are created in nuclear reactions, such as in the sun and the stars, or in nuclear power plants.  Photo: Rainbow/Science Faction/Corbis


Charles Townes, physics Nobel laureate who co-invented the laser beam, dead at 99

Charles Townes explains his invention the maser, precursor of the laser, during a news conference in New York City in 1955. Photo: AP

Bright idea for saving energy wins trio Nobel Prize for Physics

Japanese newspapers report the Nobel Prize award to Isamu Akasaki (left), Hiroshi Amano (centre) and Shuji Nakamura. Photo: Kyodo