Spanish energy giants Endesa and Iberdrola stepped in to sponsor the conference, which brings together more than 20,000 negotiators, scientists, NGOs and journalists from around the world.

Each company paid €2 million to be COP25 “Platinum” sponsors, affording them prominent branding and trade stalls at the event.

Endesa is one of Spain’s largest greenhouse gas emitters, producing just over 60 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent last year alone. Iberdrola produced 24.6 million tonnes in 2018.

Neither group nor organisers confirmed the exact cost but their sponsorship of a conference designed to reach consensus on how to cut emissions drew allegations of “greenwashing” from observers.

“Bankrolling the global climate negotiations is a classic trick from the polluter’s playbook,” said Jean Su, energy director with the Centre for Biological Diversity.

“For just a fraction of yearly profits, big polluters are able to wrap themselves in the branding of the COP and use this access to influence the negotiations,” added Sriram Madhusoodanan of the Corporate Accountability watchdog.

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An Endesa spokeswoman said it was “a marketing action” and denied greenwashing. “Our objective is to always do better and we are accelerating our energy transition,” she said.

Iberdrola and the conference organisers did not respond to queries over sponsorship.

Trade groups representing energy firms are entitled under UN rules to attend annual UNFCCC talks and intersessional meetings as observers.

They frequently host networking meetings or presentations and have the same status and access permits at negotiations as environmental charities.

While few oil and gas majors participate directly in UN talks, they are well represented in Madrid by the trade organisations they partner.

One such group is the International Emissions Trading Agency (IETA), which counts among its members energy giants such as BP and ENI. It also represents Iberdrola and Endesa’s parent company Enel, and is holding a total of 74 side events during COP25.

According to an official participants list IETA has sent 141 people to Madrid – more than the entire European Union’s delegation, and larger than that of host Chile.

“IETA supports the UNFCCC’s goals and objectives for climate protection – which are a core part of our mission,” CEO Dirk Forrister said. “We also respect UNFCCC’s rules and procedures, including its guidelines for observer participation.

“Our members observe UN climate negotiations, because they are serious about bringing business solutions to the climate challenge.”

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Unlike parallel UN processes, there is currently no protection in the UNFCCC against potential conflicts of interest between nations which need emissions slashed rapidly to survive, and the biggest emitters whose business plans are still heavily reliant on fossil fuels.

Thousands of energy reps have attended climate talks since 1990.

Hoda Baraka, of 350.org, said trade organisations representing big energy risked undermining climate action.

“We’re seeing yet again how the interests of dirty energy corporations are being put before the needs of vulnerable people and the planet,” she said. “It’s just common sense that those who are causing the climate crisis need to be kept far away from the political process meant to solve it.”

UN climate change secretary Patricia Espinosa said that “everyone” needed to be involved in the transition away from fossil fuels. “There is no way we will this transformation without the energy industry, including oil and gas,” she said on Friday.

The UN last year said “no particular interest group influences the decision-making process” at climate talks, adding that it takes the issue of conflict of interest “very seriously”.

Yet during annual midsession climate talks in Germany in June, hours of discussions on the subject were omitted from the final conference record.

A collection of 47 developing nations submitted a proposal to draw up provisions to protect against conflict of interest, observers said. The proposal was opposed by the US, Australia and the EU among others, yet no reference of it appeared in final discussion summaries.

Another trade group present at COP25 is the Edison Electrical Institute (EEI), which represents dozens of power firms in the US and around the world.

The EEI used to belong to the Global Climate Coalition (GCC), a now-disbanded fossil fuel lobby group.

Internal GCC documents compiled by the Climate Investigations Centre showed this year how the group used UN talks to further its members’ agenda.

The documents detail how the GCC pushed to influencing policymakers, including in discussions with the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), to tone down the links between man-made emissions and global warming.

The GCC disbanded in 2002 after growing disputes among its members over how to respond to advances in climate science, yet organisations it represented are still present at UN talks.

This includes EEI, which has sent more than 200 delegates to negotiations since 1995.

“We and our members understand that addressing the impacts of climate change in the areas of mitigation and adaptation requires a global response,” an EEI spokesman said. “EEI’s member companies are leading this clean energy transformation and are making real, substantive progress.”

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Environmental groups including Oil Change International, Corporate Europe Observatory, the Observatorio de Multinacionales en America Latina, and Power Shift Africa said they considered oil and gas presence at COP25 as unacceptable.

“Our hard work and determination is easily overpowered by the vast resources of the biggest polluting corporations,” said Sarah Dobson, from the UK Youth Climate Coalition. “These companies are destroying our planet and our right to fair climate negotiations free from their influence.”