UK scientists make nuclear fusion breakthrough, boosting clean energy hopes

Scientists in Britain announced Wednesday they had smashed a previous record for generating fusion energy, hailing it as a “milestone” on the path towards cheap, clean power and a cooler planet. Nuclear fusion is the same process that the sun uses to generate heat. Proponents believe it could one day help address climate change by providing an abundant, safe and green source of energy. A team at the Joint European Torus (JET) facility near Oxford in central England generated 59 megajoules of energy for five seconds during an experiment in December, more than doubling a 1997 record, the UK Atomic Energy Authority said. That is about the power needed to power 35,000 homes for the same period of time, five seconds, said JET’s head of operations Joe Milnes. 🥳Record-breaking 59 megajoules of sustained fusion energy at world-leading UKAEA’s Joint European Torus (JET) facility. Video shows the record pulse in action. Full story https://t.co/iShCGwlV9Y #FusionIsComing #FusionEnergy #STEM #fusion @FusionInCloseUp @iterorg @beisgovuk pic.twitter.com/ancKMaY1V2 — UK Atomic Energy Authority (@UKAEAofficial) February 9, 2022 The results “are the clearest demonstration worldwide of the potential for fusion energy to deliver safe and sustainable low-carbon energy”, the UKAEA said. The doughnut-shaped machine used for the experiments is called a tokamak, and the JET site is the largest operational one in the world. Inside, just 0.1 milligrammes each of deuterium and tritium – both are isotopes of hydrogen, with deuterium also called heavy hydrogen – are heated to temperatures 10 times hotter than the centre of the sun, creating plasma. This is held in place using magnets as it spins around, fuses and releases tremendous energy as heat. US scientists hit milestone on path to nuclear fusion energy Fusion is inherently safe in that it cannot start a runaway process. Deuterium is freely available in seawater, while tritium can be harvested as a by-product of nuclear fission. Pound for pound it releases nearly 4 million times more energy than burning coal, oil or gas, and the only waste product is helium. The results announced on Wednesday showed the ability to create fusion for five seconds, as longer than that would cause JET’s copper wire magnets to overheat. A larger and more advanced version of JET is currently being built in southern France, called ITER, where the Oxford data will prove vital when the site comes online, possibly as soon as 2025. ITER will be equipped with superconductor electromagnets which will allow the process to continue for longer, hopefully longer than 300 seconds. About 350 scientists from EU countries plus Britain, Switzerland and Ukraine – and more from around the globe – participate in JET experiments each year. JET will soon pass the fusion baton to ITER, which is around 80 per cent completed, said Milnes. “If that’s successful, as we now think it will be given the results we’ve had on JET, we can develop power plant designs in parallel … we’re probably halfway there” to viable fusion, he said. If all goes well at ITER, a prototype fusion power plant could be ready by 2050. UK regulators sign off on Chinese nuclear reactor design International cooperation on fusion energy has historically been close because, unlike the nuclear fission used in atomic power plants, the technology cannot be weaponised. The France-based megaproject also involves China, the EU, India, Japan, South Korea, Russia and the US. Tim Luce, head of science and operation at ITER, said the project emerged in the 1980s from talks on nuclear disarmament between US president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. “And the one thing they did agree on was using fusion as a cooperation,” he said. “Somehow fusion has had the scientific panache to bring together disparate governmental entities and actually choose to work together on it.” Despite dozens of tokamaks being built since they were first invented in Soviet Russia in the 1950s, none has yet managed to produce more energy than is put in. The latest results use about three times the amount of energy that is produced. Ian Fells, emeritus professor of energy conversion at the University of Newcastle, said Wednesday’s result was a “landmark in fusion research”. “Now it is up to the engineers to translate this into carbon-free electricity and mitigate the problem of climate change,” added Fells, who is not involved in the project.