Germany’s spy chief warns of authoritarian states fuelling anti-government extremism
- Head of German domestic intelligence agency says mixing of previously separate groups and their willingness to use violence are particularly worrying
- Such trends are actively fuelled by countries like Russia, which has an interest in destabilising democracy in Europe’s biggest economy, he says
German security agencies have disrupted several plots in recent years by small groups linked to the Reich Citizens movement accused of planning attacks on critical infrastructure, government officials and even the national parliament. While it is unclear how far advanced such plans were, authorities have expressed alarm that the alleged plotters had acquired weapons and included people who are not usually on the radar of security agencies, such as judges and police officers.
Thomas Haldenwang, who heads the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, or BfV, said the mixing of previously separate groups – from alt-right extremists to QAnon conspiracy theorists – and their willingness to use violence were particularly worrying.
“What links all of these groups is that they despise our state and our democracy, reject it and want to abolish it,” he told The Associated Press in an interview in Berlin.
Haldenwang said anti-government extremists consciously use wedge issues to stoke fear and gain new followers. These include migration – where alt-right actors have perpetuated the myth of a “great replacement” – but also government measures to curb the coronavirus pandemic and combat climate change.
“All of these issues can be used to spread a particular narrative and give the impression that the state isn’t in control of certain situations and therefore it needs to be toppled,” he said.
Recent government plans to encourage Germans to replace old oil and gas heaters with efficient and climate-friendly heat pumps have faced hostility from opposition parties but also extremist groups seeking to tap into homeowners’ fears that they will be saddled with high costs, despite warnings from experts that the alternative is more expensive in the long run.
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“The more complex an issue is, the more intensively one has to deal with a topic, the more there is a tendency to seek simple answers and run after people who offer an easy solution for problems,” said Haldenwang. “Often those are people from the extremist circles.”
The BfV chief said such trends are actively fuelled by countries like Russia, which has an interest in destabilising democracy in Europe’s biggest economy.
“When they recognise that there are sentiments in the country that can lead to division, then those sentiments are supported,” he said. “And we see a large number of measures being taken (to that effect).”
Haldenwang cited disinformation being spread by Russian state media and internet platforms, but said key influencers are also targeted by Russia’s agents in Berlin to carry propaganda into German society.
“Naturally there are attempts to get close to certain politicians on the right or left fringes,” he told The AP. “Less so to support those political parties than to use their role to split society.”
Aside from the alt-right Alternative for Germany party, which has come under scrutiny from the BfV, among the most prominent figures attacking the government are Left party lawmaker Sahra Wagenknecht and Haldenwang’s own predecessor, Hans-Georg Maassen, who was fired five years ago after downplaying anti-migrant violence.
“Of course it’s nice for Russian actors if they can win such people over for their purposes and possibly use their influence in certain audiences,” said Haldenwang.
“If those people have a large number of followers in certain media then the aim of dividing society is achieved in that way,” he said. “The fact that my predecessor allows himself to become a mouthpiece for this is something that irritates me beyond all measure.”
Haldenwang said there were “astonishing parallels” between the present and the 1920s and 1930s that should prompt concern.
“For too long there was too little opposition to the rise of extremism and authoritarianism,” he told a conference of security experts on Monday. “Ninety years ago an elected extremist party gained power that first led Germany into a dictatorship and finally toward total ruin.”
While the current conditions are different than a century ago, Haldenwang said Russia’s attack on Ukraine last year has been seized upon by “intellectual arsonists on the new right, demagogues and extremist ideologues, conspiracy theorists and influencers for foreign powers” who have helped stoke anxiety and polarisation in some parts of society.
Germany and other European countries have expelled a considerable number of suspected Russian spies since the outbreak of war and sought to curb its state-backed media. China is also increasingly being seen as a threat in the theatre of “hybrid warfare”, though Beijing’s efforts to undermine democracy in Germany and elsewhere are considered more subtle but potentially more dangerous.
“Russia is the storm, China is climate change,” he said, echoing a similar warning from last year.
Haldenwang told The AP that coup plots such as those disrupted last year likely will not be the last as some “are again talking about a ‘Day X’ when certain things are meant to happen”.
“We are monitoring such efforts very intensively, very carefully, and I’m certain that we will be able to intervene in time together with other security agencies,” he said. “But I can’t completely rule out that groups will forms under the radar of the security agencies.”
