Turnout was nearly 75 per cent, a record that surpassed even the 63 per cent turnout of 1989, a vote that triggered the collapse of the oppressive Soviet-backed communist system.

Law and Justice had been moving the country down an illiberal path, taking control of courts in a manner that violated the country’s constitution. The party politicised state institutions, including taxpayer-funded public media which it used as a crude propaganda tool to praise itself and vilify opponents.

The result was a huge victory for Donald Tusk, the head of the largest opposition group, Civic Coalition. He appeared likely to return to his past role as Polish prime minister, a job he held from 2007-2014. He also served as the European Council president, a top job in the EU, from 2014-2019.

Tusk’s success is all the more remarkable given that state media went into overdrive to portray him as a stooge of Germany and Russia. That portrayal, which appeared baseless, also won him much sympathy.

Tusk himself won more than half a million votes running for a seat in parliament. His party said it was the best result in the history of parliamentary elections in Poland.

The result was a huge relief for Poles concerned about the country’s international isolation at a time of war across the border in Ukraine and the constant bickering with the European Union. Many feared it could cause the country’s eventual exit from the 27-member bloc.

Law and Justice has been in constant dispute with Brussels and has angered Berlin with demands for war reparations for damages caused by the Nazi occupation during World War II.

The LGBTQ community also suffered a smear campaign in recent years, being portrayed as a threat to the nation by the conservative ruling party. Liberal critics were sometimes depicted as disloyal to the country. Over the years, massive protests led by women rocked the country as the party restricted the abortion law to prevent the termination of pregnancies with fetal abnormalities.

Young people and women were among those who voted in droves to get rid of the Law and Justice party, which won in 2015 vowing to fight corruption and help even out economic inequalities. While its social spending did help many Polish pensioners and families, solidifying a solid base of support, the party has increasingly faced allegations of corruption.

The National Electoral Commission said that Law and Justice won slightly more than 35 per cent of the votes, and the far-right Confederation party, a possible ally, about 7 per cent.

Three opposition groups won a collective of 53.7 per cent, enough for a comfortable majority of 248 seats in the 460-seat lower house of parliament, or Sejm; The Civic Coalition garnered 30.7 per cent of the vote while the centrist Third Way got 14.4 per cent and the New Left about 8.6 per cent.

The three ran on separate tickets so they are not formally part of the same coalition, but all promised to cooperate to restore the rule of law.

Law and Justice will have 194 seats, far short of the majority it held for eight years.

Confederation increased its presence from 11 in the outgoing parliament to 18 seats in parliament. It had hoped for more after a brief summer surge in the polls.

The opposition, which had a razor-thin majority in the outgoing Senate, has now obtained an overwhelming majority of 66 out of 100 seats in that upper chamber. The Senate is far less powerful than the Sejm, but still has some limited influence over the legislative process. Law and Justice will only have 34 seats.

In another sharp blow to Law and Justice, a referendum held alongside the vote failed to reach the 50 per cent needed to be valid. Many voters boycotted it to protest loaded questions on migration and other fraught issues, which appeared aimed mostly at mobilising the ruling party’s supporters.

Although the voting is over, it might still take weeks for a new government to be in place.

The next step is for President Andrzej Duda to give a politician the mandate to form a government. It is political custom in Poland, but not a must, for a representative of the strongest political camp to receive this mandate.

“I am making a passionate appeal to the president, people are waiting for the first decisions, so we are asking the president for energetic and quick decisions,” Tusk said in a statement broadcast on social media platform X.

Political observers in Warsaw assume that Duda, who is close to Law and Justice, will first give the mandate to their politician despite the party’s lower chances of forming a government.

If they fail, the mandate would then in theory be handed to Tusk and the Civic Coalition.

In the meantime, the current government will remain in a caretaker role.