“China participated actively and was positive” about meeting again, the European source said.

Yet the head of Brazil’s delegation, foreign policy adviser Celso Amorim, used his prepared remarks to stress that “any real negotiation must include all parties,” including Russia, according to a copy of his statement shared with Agence France-Presse.

“Although Ukraine is the biggest victim, if we really want peace, we have to involve Moscow in this process in some form.”

A French diplomatic source said “efforts were converging to create the conditions for a valid negotiation”.

The source added: “Does today’s meeting create these conditions? Clearly not. It’s a long-term effort.”

02:56

Drones allegedly from Ukraine hit high-rise buildings in Moscow central districts

Drones allegedly from Ukraine hit high-rise buildings in Moscow central districts

Ukraine had gone into Saturday’s meeting expecting tension.

“I predict that the conversation will not be easy, but the truth is on our side,” the head of Ukraine’s presidential office, Andriy Yermak, said in an interview broadcast on Friday.

“We have many disagreements and we have heard many positions, but it is important that we share our principles,” said Yermak, who headed Kyiv’s delegation to the talks.

“Our task is to unite the whole world around Ukraine.”

The Jeddah meeting followed talks in Copenhagen in June that were designed to be informal and also did not yield a final declaration.

Diplomats said the Ukraine-organised meetings were intended to engage a range of countries in debates about a path towards peace – notably members of the Brics bloc with Russia that have adopted a more neutral stance on the war in contrast to Western powers.

US National Security Adviser Jake Sullivan headed Washington’s delegation, a senior White House official said.

In his evening address on Saturday, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said 42 countries were represented in Jeddah and that the Ukrainian delegation was pushing his 10-point peace formula, which calls for the full withdrawal of Russian troops from Ukrainian territory.

It also calls for the restoration of Ukraine’s borders – including the territory of Crimea, unilaterally annexed by Russia in 2014.

Russia has in the past said any negotiations would need to take into account “new territorial realities”.

The meeting highlights Saudi Arabia’s “readiness to exert its good offices to contribute to reaching a solution that will result in permanent peace”, the official Saudi Press Agency said Friday.

The world’s biggest crude exporter, which works closely with Moscow on oil policy, Riyadh has touted its ties to both sides and positioned itself as a possible mediator in the war.

In May, the kingdom hosted Zelensky at an Arab summit also in Jeddah, where he accused some leaders of turning “a blind eye” to the horrors of Russia’s invasion.

Riyadh has adopted a “classic balancing strategy” that could soften Russia’s response to this weekend’s summit, said Umar Karim, an expert on Saudi politics at the University of Birmingham.

Saudi officials see Saturday’s talks as evidence of its global clout and vindication of its emphasis on diversifying diplomatic partners.

“These talks are a prime example of the success of Saudi Arabia’s multipolar strategy of maintaining strong ties to Ukraine, Russia and China,” said Ali Shihabi, a Saudi analyst close to the government.

Moving forward Riyadh “wants to be in the company of an India or a Brazil, because only as a club can these middle powers hope to have impact on the world stage,” said Joost Hiltermann, Middle East programme director for the International Crisis Group.

“Whether they will be able to agree on all things, such as the Ukraine war, is a big question.”