Explainer | How does Ukraine’s military stack up against Russia’s?
- Putin boasted that not a single shot was fired during the takeover of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014. But his troops will face a fiercer foe if they invade now
- Ukraine’s better trained, better equipped forces could inflict significant damage, experts say, despite Russia’s almost certain victory
Russia had no problem getting past Ukraine’s military forces when it orchestrated a bloodless takeover of the Crimean Peninsula in 2014.
“They are not what they were in 2014,” said Jim Townsend, a former US deputy assistant secretary of defence.
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While Russia is still the superior military power and would almost certainly prevail, Ukraine’s defence forces could inflict significant damage on Russian troops, according to an analysis by the Atlantic Council, a non-partisan think tank based in Washington.
“In collaboration with reservists, civil society, and volunteers, they can make any attempted invasion a miserable experience for Russia,” the group concluded in a report last month.
How big is Ukraine’s military?
Ukraine has 250,000 active-duty troops, plus another 290,000 reserve personnel and 50,000 paramilitary units that could be activated in a conflict with Russia.
In 2014, by comparison, Ukraine had just 140,000 troops, and only 6,000 of those were ready for combat.
How big is Russia’s military?
Russia has more than 1 million active-duty personnel, more than four times Ukraine’s force strength. Russia also has 378,000 reserve personnel and 250,000 paramilitary troops that it could call up in a conflict with its neighbour.
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Who has the most weapons?
Russia, hands down.
In terms of land power, Russia prevails, with more than 12,000 tanks (compared to 2,500 for Ukraine), 30,000 armoured vehicles (Ukraine has 12,000) and 12,000 self-propelled artillery (Ukraine has just a little over 1,000).
Russia also dominates in air power, with more than 700 fighter aircraft (compared to around 70 for Ukraine), more than 700 attack aircraft (Ukraine has fewer than 30), more than 500 attack helicopters (Ukraine has 34) and 1,500 helicopters (Ukraine has a little over 100).
At sea, Russia rules with 15 destroyers, 70 submarines, 11 frigates and nearly 50 mine warfare vessels. Ukraine has no destroyers or submarines, just one frigate and one mine warfare vessel.
Who is sending weapons to Ukraine?
The US has already spent billions of dollars to help Ukraine build up its military defences, an investment that is likely to escalate dramatically if Russia invades.
The Pentagon announced on Monday it is putting 8,500 US troops on “heightened alert” for possible deployment to Eastern Europe amid the crisis.
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And last week, the White House said it will give an additional US$200 million in defensive military equipment to Ukraine. The package reportedly includes anti-armour missiles, ammunition and other items.
The US is sending weapons to Ukraine through third-party transfers, in which Nato members provide US-made weapons. The transfers include javelin anti-tank weapons from Estonia, stinger air defence systems from Lithuania and Latvia and anti-tank missiles from the United Kingdom.
How is Ukraine’s military different from 2014?
Ukraine was completely unprepared for war when Russia invaded Crimea in 2014.
Its armed forces were not manned, equipped or trained to meet Russian aggression, and its logistic stockpiles were essentially non-existent, with the exception of weapons and ammunition mostly from the Soviet period, according to the Atlantic Council.
Ukraine has made modernising its military a priority over the past seven years but decades of neglect have been difficult to overcome, the council reported.
Ukraine’s military still has several strategic vulnerabilities, including gaps in key operational and combat capabilities.
Corruption remains a problem, funding is limited because of the general economic conditions in the country, and many important weapons purchases have been placed on the back burner – not because of a lack of will but because a lack of funding, the council’s analysis concluded.
So how long could Ukraine hold Russia off?
It’s hard to say.
Russia would probably attack Ukraine from different directions, forcing Ukraine to split up its forces to confront the advancing troops, Townsend said.
“They’re going to have to defend Ukraine from a number of different avenues of approach,” he said, “so it just makes their inferiority even worse because they’re going to be thin.”
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On top of that, Russia would likely engage in cyberattacks against Ukraine’s military and civilian society, which from the outset could degrade the country’s electrical grid and telecommunications systems, Townsend said.
“I don’t think you’re going to see Ukraine being able to stop the Russians for a long period of time,” he said.
