Global growth outlook cut by IMF on Russia invasion, China’s coronavirus lockdowns
- Global expansion will slow to 3.6 per cent in 2022, down from forecast of 4.4 per cent in January before Russia-Ukraine war; compared with 6.1 per cent in 2021
- High uncertainties include a worsening of the conflict, escalation of sanctions on Russia, a sharper slowdown in China, and a renewed flare-up of the pandemic
The International Monetary Fund slashed its world growth forecast by the most since the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic, and projected even faster inflation, after Russia invaded Ukraine and China renewed virus lockdowns.
Global expansion will slow to 3.6 per cent in 2022, down from a forecast of 4.4 per cent in January before the war, the IMF said in an update to its World Economic Outlook released on Tuesday. That compares with 6.1 per cent growth in 2021. The institution also lowered its projection for 2023 to 3.6 per cent from a prior 3.8 per cent.
The fund sees inflation for this year at 5.7 per cent in advanced economies and 8.7 per cent in emerging and developing countries, significantly higher than just a few months ago.
The pace of consumer-price increases is expected to slow to 2.5 per cent and 6.5 per cent respectively in each group of nations in 2023. The IMF cited a rising risk that inflation expectations become unanchored, prompting more aggressive central bank tightening.
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The Washington-based fund expects Ukraine’s economy to contract 35 per cent in 2022 as a direct result of the invasion. Russia’s output may shrink 8.5 per cent due to sanctions imposed by Western nations and a loss of confidence in the country.
But the impact of President Vladimir Putin’s aggression will spread far beyond the two countries. The invasion is sending commodity prices soaring, raising the cost of food and fuel, and stoking unrest and protests around the world, from Sri Lanka to Peru.
In the US and some parts of Europe, inflation is accelerating to the fastest level in decades, spurring expectations for central banks to tighten monetary policy faster than previously foreseen.
The war is causing the fund to lower gross domestic product expectations for 143 of its member economies – a group that accounts for 86 per cent of global output, managing director Kristalina Georgieva said last week.
“In the matter of a few weeks, the world has yet again experienced a major, transformative shock,” Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas, the IMF’s new chief economist, wrote in a foreword to the report.
“Just as a durable recovery from the pandemic-induced global economic collapse appeared in sight, the war has created the very real prospect that a large part of the recent gains will be erased.”
The euro area got a particularly sharp downgrade, with growth projected at 2.8 per cent for this year, down from a previous 3.9 per cent estimate.
The US is expected to be less affected by the war and grow 3.7 per cent this year, down from a prior 4 per cent per cent projection, reflecting a faster tightening of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve.
China’s economy is expected to grow 4.4 per cent, down from a prior 4.8 per cent estimate. That also compares with the government’s official target of about 5.5 per cent.
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Overall, the IMF forecasts advanced economies will grow 3.3 per cent and sees emerging markets and developing economies expanding 3.8 per cent, down from prior estimates of 3.9 per cent and 4.8 per cent, respectively.
The IMF’s baseline forecast assumes that the conflict remains limited to Ukraine and that sanctions on Russia and European plans to become independent of Russian energy do not tighten beyond those announced by the end of March.
High Uncertainty
But unusually high uncertainty surrounds the outlook, and downside risks dominate.
They include a possible worsening of the war, escalation of sanctions on Russia, a sharper-than-anticipated slowdown in China, and a renewed flare-up of the pandemic should new, more powerful Covid-19 variants emerge.
Worsening supply-demand imbalances could lead to persistently high inflation that forces central banks to hike rates faster.
The fund models an alternative scenario where sanctions against Russian oil and gas broaden in the middle of this year, leading to higher commodity prices, disruptions to supply chains and tighter financial conditions for the rest of the world.
In such an environment, GDP in the European Union would be about 3 per cent below the baseline scenario in 2023, with global GDP 2 per cent below the baseline and activity remaining about 1 per cent lower by 2027.
The IMF also flagged risks from rising debt levels in emerging markets, particularly as officials in advanced economies tighten monetary policy.
Some economies will require sovereign-debt restructuring to free up resources for important health, social and development spending, with several countries having begun yet failed to complete the process through the Group of 20’s so-called Common Framework.
Global trade will grow 5 per cent in 2022, half the rate of 2021, held back by slower activity overall.
