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The Guardian

Campaigns, the White House and the public make gruelling demands on leaders: amid persistent questions about candidates’ health, symptoms have included pneumonia on the trail, migraines during debates and even vomit in the lap of a prime minister.
Hillary Clinton’s diagnosis of pneumonia, made on Friday but revealed on Sunday after her abrupt and unsteady departure from a 9/11 anniversary event, duly renewed demands for comprehensive
health reports from both the Democratic candidate and her opponent, Donald Trump.
Last year, Clinton’s doctor released a few pages of vital information about the 68-year-old’s health and history, including a concussion in 2012 and a current prescription of antihistamines.
Watch: Clinton says she is feeling “great”


Trump, 70, has released even less information: his doctor released a vague-but-florid letter, written in about five minutes, that said the businessman would be the “healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency”.
Watch: Hillary Clinton diagnosed with pneumonia, after her legs buckle at 9/11 memorial
Past candidates have offered more. In 2008, Barack Obama’s doctor offered a 276-page report about the senator, then 47, and John McCain, then 71 and the survivor of several brushes with skin cancer, made almost 1,200 pages of medical history available.
Watch: George H.W. Bush vomits on Japan’s PM, Miyazawa Kiichi, in 1992


Clinton can be expected to recover swiftly – pneumonia is a common illness that most people get over in about two weeks, though it can become dangerous for older people and infants. The infection typically develops after a cold or flu: Clinton’s doctor said the former secretary of state was suffering from persistent allergies before the diagnosis.
Questions about Clinton’s health move from the fringe in wake of pneumonia diagnosis
Dr Lisa R Bardack, of Mount Kisco Medical Group in New York, prescribed antibiotics and rest and advised Clinton change her schedule, which has sent her travelling almost daily around the US, often to the large fundraisers or rallies. That schedule was under discussion on Sunday.
Campaigns can act as petri dishes for the politicians, aides and the reporters who attend them, and recent elections have seen several instances of candidates persevering through or bowing out over illness. 
The former US representative Michele Bachmann, for example, was an early leader in the 2012 Republican primary but cited debilitating migraines to explain why she suddenly left a debate. She eventually released a doctor’s letter explaining the headaches were so strong they required medication. That same year, former Texas governor Rick Perry campaigned despite recent back surgery, reportedly using painkillers to cope.
Two decades earlier, Massachusetts senator Paul Tsongas ran against Bill Clinton in the Democratic presidential primary. His history of cancer became a major election issue: Tsongas later admitted he had lied about being cancer-free in the years before the race. A subsequent presidential election had its own health scare: Republican vice-presidential candidate Dick Cheney had his fourth heart attack shortly after voters went to the polls in November 2000. 
Questions of seniority and health followed Ronald Reagan’s 1984 campaign, when the 73-year-old was running for re-election as the oldest president in history. Reagan broached the issue at a debate against his younger opponent, Walter Mondale, joking: “I am not going to exploit for political purposes my opponent’s youth and inexperience.”
Only eight presidents have died in office, and four of those were assassinated. Not long after his inauguration in 1841, 68-year-old William Henry Harrison caught a cold that developed into pneumonia, according to his doctor, though he may have actually contracted enteric fever . Despite attempts to medicate Harrison with opium and other toxins, he became the first president to die in service.
Less than a decade later, Zachary Taylor died in office, only five days after falling ill, probably from cholera. In 1923, Warren G Harding died from a sudden heart attack while he was visiting San Francisco, aged 57.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was diagnosed with polio at 39 and lived with increasing paralysis through his time in office, only allowed voters a partial view of his health through four elections and three and a half terms. He used a wheelchair only in private, relying on crutches and weighted podiums to stand in public, and retreated often to Warm Springs, Georgia, where he owned a rehabilitation clinic.
The public knew of his affliction but Roosevelt often portrayed himself as improving, and only rarely would he allow photographs while seated in his wheelchair or comment publicly about his condition. He died aged 63.
A wheelchair may have changed the fate of another politician a few decades later. During the 1972 campaign, Alabama governor George Wallace was shot. The politician subsequently blamed the would-be assassin for ending his career by putting him in a wheelchair.
“They elected Roosevelt, but they didn’t watch him on television every night getting hauled on a plane like he was half-dead,” he told the judge Oscar Adams, according to his obituary in the New York Times.
Even the appearance of illness may have affected campaigns, as with Richard Nixon’s sickly pallor in his televised 1960 debate against John F Kennedy.
Nor are candidates who ascend to office immune from the hazards of illness and injury. In 1865, vice-president-elect Andrew Johnson arrived at his inauguration sick with typhoid fever.
More than a century later, in 1992, George HW Bush fell ill during a trip to Japan, and vomited in the lap of prime minister Miyazawa Kiichi. He recovered, apologizsed, and fled the banquet.
Bush’s son, the 43rd president George W Bush, escaped the ignominy of being caught on film during his own health scare in 2002, when, while watching TV, he choked on a pretzel and briefly lost consciousness.


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US election: Trump v Clinton

Hillary Clinton’s pneumonia  is the latest health peril to strike presidential politics

US Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton leaves ceremonies marking the 15th anniversary of the September 11 attacks in New York. Moment later, her legs buckled underneath her in an incident caught on video. Photo: Reuters

FILE - In this Sept. 9, 2016 file photo, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump speaks in Washington. Hillary Clinton has spent decades talking about the needs of children and touting the benefits of early education. It’s a new subject for Donald Trump. The Republican presidential nominee added plans for education to his still relatively thin roster of policy proposals this past week, unveiling an effort to spend $20 billion during his firstw year in office to help states expand school choice programs. Trump wasn’t shy about his intentions, debuting his ideas at an inner-city charter school in Cleveland as part of his new outreach to minority voters. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci, File)

Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton gets into a van as she leaves an apartment building Sunday, Sept. 11, 2016, in New York. Clinton's campaign said the Democratic presidential nominee left the 9/11 anniversary ceremony in New York early after feeling "overheated." (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)

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