The Russia list was published on Friday on the State Department website, along with guidance for those who might be affected. The roster of targeted companies and agencies could have broad ramifications for US and foreign entities that deal with them.

Special Counsel Robert Mueller is investigating whether the Trump campaign coordinated with Russia to influence the 2016 presidential race.

Lawmakers from both parties offered tentative praise for the announcement, calling it a step in the right direction towards implementing the legislation.

In addition to Russia’s official intelligence and defence apparatus, the bill directed consideration of sanctions for parts of the country’s energy, mining, railway and shipping sectors.

A State Department official said “smaller-scale things” would probably not be met with sanctions and that the United States would take into account the circumstances of each transaction, such as whether it was meant to benefit an ally’s military capabilities.

“We’re going to look at all the circumstances for transactions that come up in the press or that we’re made aware of by other means,” said the official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity.

Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov called the action “echoes of unfriendly signs, or more precisely, hostility against our country”.

Russian President Vladimir Putin, who last week angrily accused the US of “dragging us back to the 1950s”, is following the news on sanctions “very closely”, Peskov said in Moscow on Friday. Putin has been reluctant to criticise Trump directly, and Peskov referred to Putin’s remarks, in a speech last week, that Moscow would try to make progress on bilateral relations “insofar as our American counterparts are ready for this and are willing to do this”.

“As far as we can see, this willingness is not so steady,” Peskov said.

Trump and his aides lobbied hard against the bill while it was being crafted. Their dispute centred on a provision requiring the president to seek congressional approval before scaling back any active sanctions against Russia. The administration lost that fight, but Trump signed the bill anyway.

In a joint statement after the announcement, senators John McCain and Benjamin Cardin encouraged the State Department to “dedicate robust staffing and resources to the implementation effort”, saying they were troubled by recent reports that the department had closed its sanctions office.

They said that they “stand ready, if appropriate and necessary”, to invoke the law’s congressional review provision and overrule Trump’s decisions if they do not live up to the expectations as Congress outlined them.

The list of affected organisations and companies includes “practically all of the major state-owned enterprises of Russia’s military-industrial complex”, according to Leonid Nersisyan, a military analyst and editor in chief of the Russian magazine New Defence Order Strategy.

But any new sanctions are “unlikely to harm most of the Russian defence industry sector”, Nersisyan said, because of existing partnerships with South Korea, China and other Asian countries.

Among the companies on the list is Rostec, a giant civil and military conglomerate that makes firearms, advanced optics, helicopters, communications systems, military trucks and more.

Rostec controls Rosoboronexport, also on the list, which manages the import and export of military equipment. Kalashnikov, the famed maker of assault rifles and automatic weapons, is also listed.

A company that makes submarines, another that produces anti-aircraft missiles and launchers, and the makers of Sukhoi and Tupolev military and civilian aircraft are also on the list.