The pope has ordered McCarrick’s “suspension from the exercise of any public ministry, together with the obligation to remain in a house yet to be indicated to him, for a life of prayer and penance until the accusations made against him are examined in a regular canonical trial,” the Vatican said.

Among those McCarrick reportedly abused was a boy who was the first baby he had baptised soon after he was ordained a priest.

Francis received McCarrick’s letter offering to resign from the College of Cardinals on Friday evening, after a spate of allegations that the 88-year-old prelate had for years sexually abused boys and had sexual misconduct with adult seminarians.

The McCarrick case posed a test of the pontiff’s recently declared resolve to battle what he called a “culture of cover-up” of similar abuses in the Catholic Church’s hierarchy.

The alleged sexual misconduct with adults were reportedly brought to the Vatican’s attention years ago, including before McCarrick was appointed to the prestigious archbishop post in the US capital in 2000 by the then-pontiff John Paul II.

Two dioceses in New Jersey, Newark and Metuchen, say they have settled two of three complaints of misconduct by McCarrick toward adults.

The Vatican did not say where McCarrick would be confined nor when a church trial might begin, and its brief statement did not even allude to the grave accusations against the prelate.

A Catholic University canon law expert, Kurt Martens, noted this was the first time an order of penance and prayer had been issued before a church trial.

US Catholics who have followed sexual abuse scandals hailed stripping McCarrick of cardinal’s rank as an unprecedented shift in how the Vatican has dealt with allegations against top churchmen.

“The Vatican almost never moves at this speed,” said Terence McKiernan, of BishopAccountability.org. Inc., a Massachusetts-based group that tracks clergy sexual abuse cases.

The pope appears to “understand the gravity of the situation and further harm to the Catholic Church’s status,” he told Associated Press.

He wondered if the church investigation reveals who among its hierarchy knew about the sex allegations against McCarrick and whether the Vatican will move to punish those clerics as well.

McKiernan noted that the Vatican statement did not spell out why the pope was disciplining the bishop.

“We’re still in the old world,” he said, revering to the Vatican’s avoidance of details about the allegations. “(Still) it’s a remarkable development.”

In the case of Scottish Cardinal Keith O’Brien, accused by former seminarians in 2013 of sexual misconduct, Francis only accepted his resignation after the Vatican’s top abuse prosecutor conducted a full investigation, two years after the first revelations.

McCarrick had already been removed from public ministry since June 20, pending a full investigation into allegations that he fondled a teenager over 40 years ago in New York City.

A man, who was 11 at the first alleged instance of abuse, says a sexually abusive relationship continued for two more decades.

McCarrick denied the initial allegation.

The Rev. James Martin, the editor-at-large at America Magazine, which covers church issues, tweeted that McCarrick’s resignation “means removal of the titles ‘Cardinal’ and ‘Your Eminence.”

Since McCarrick is over 80, he was already no longer eligible to vote in a conclave to elect the next pope.

But being a cardinal is a top honour of the church and they often are called upon to advise the pope.

Martin noted that Bernard Law was allowed to stay a cardinal after he resigned as Boston archbishop, following revelations that he had sanctioned the systematic cover-up of paedophile priests while presiding over that US diocese.

After resigning from his Boston post, Law was transferred to a prestigious job at a Rome basilica, an appointment that triggered outrage from many abuse survivors.

That happened under Pope John Paul II, who was widely considered to have underestimated the scope of the sex abuse scandals worldwide.

McCarrick rose steadily and swiftly up the US church’s ranks, from auxiliary bishop in New York City, to bishop in Metuchen, New Jersey, to archbishop of Newark, New Jersey, and then to Archbishop of Washington, D.C.

One of Francis’ closest advisers, Cardinal George Pell, is the highest-ranking Catholic in the world to be charged in the church’s global abuse scandal.

The 77-year-old faces trial in his native Australia on decades-old child sex abuse allegations. Pell has denied wrongdoing. Details of the allegations have not been made public.

Bishops have been implicated in the sexual abuse scandals that have stained the Catholic Church’s reputation worldwide for decades, most often for their roles in covering up for paedophile priests by shuffling them from parish to parish and keeping the faithful in the dark about the allegations.

Earlier this month, an Australia bishop became the most senior Roman Catholic cleric to be convicted of covering up child sex abuse.

Adelaide Archbishop Philip Wilson was sentenced to 12 months in detention by an Australian court in a landmark case seen as a strong warning to institutions that fail to protect children.

Critics of the Vatican’s handling of abuse cases point out that despite recommendations from its advisory panel, the Holy See still has not set up a tribunal or other system to deal with accused bishops or cardinals.

It was thus unclear just what church tribunal would decide McCarrick’s case.

“That system is going to (have to) be created exactly for this most embarrassing and prominent case,” McKiernan said.