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Tribune News Service

Scientists have discovered yet another way that single-celled organisms have outsmarted us.
The tiny bacteria that live inside our guts have an ingenious way of withstanding the onslaught of antibiotics we throw at them, according to a report published on Thursday in the journal Science. The two-part system allows bacterial cells to stay alive until another bacterium can deliver a lifeline, packaged in a snippet of DNA.
Microbes 1, Humans 0.
“I’m afraid our findings are great news for bacterial cells – not so good for us,” said study leader Christian Lesterlin, a researcher in the Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry programme at Université Lyon in France.
Lesterlin and his colleagues already knew that superbugs could repel even our most modern medicines. What they did not know was how they managed to pull it off.
“These are amazing abilities they have, to be able to adapt and survive in harsh environments with antibiotics,” he said. “But the more we understand about it, the more we can do for human health.”

Christian Lesterlin @Inserm revient sur la visualisation en temps réel de l’acquisition de #résistance aux #antibiotiques par transfert #ADN chez la bactérie pic.twitter.com/wOtIlszR48
— Lyonbiopôle (@Lyonbiopole) November 14, 2017

For most of human history, bacteria have had their way with us. Though some of them are helpful, others cause dangerous diseases like pneumonia, cholera and meningitis. The bacterium Yersinia pestis wiped out roughly 20 per cent of the world’s population in the mid-1300s during the pandemic known as the Black Death.
When scientists first developed antibiotics in the early 1900s, humans enjoyed the upper hand – for a while. Some of the drugs target the machinery that maintains a bacterium’s all-important cell wall. Others rob bacteria of the proteins they need to carry out essential functions or damage the DNA needed to reproduce.
It took just a few decades for the first drug-resistant strains to appear. Since then, the invention of each new antibiotic invited a jeering reply.
Doctors responded by prescribing another antibiotic drug, and another. Then two drugs together. Then three. But now the arsenal is all but depleted, and there are strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, acinetobacter and enterococcus that have evolved to overcome almost every medicine thrown at them.
Hong Kong’s battle against antibiotic resistant superbugs
So scientists are racing to understand superbugs’ tactics. Among the most urgent questions is this: How does antibiotic resistance spread between bacteria cells, even – or especially – in the presence of antibiotics that are designed to knock them back?
Bacteria know better than to wait around for a random mutation in their DNA that will protect them from antibiotics. Those mutations will come but not often: For some drugs, only about 1 in 10,000 bacteria will develop resistance that way. For other drugs, only about one in a billion will do so. Either way, that is not very efficient.
Luckily for bacteria, they have plasmids at their disposal. These are circular snippets of DNA, and they can include genes that carry instructions for repelling specific antibiotics. Bacteria can swap useful plasmids with one another while socialising together in the human gut.
(Imagine having an anticancer gene and being able to pass out copies of it to everybody you bump into at the grocery store. Like I said, bacteria have outsmarted us.)
Lesterlin’s team wanted to visualise exactly how the exchange worked. They put a regular strain of Escherichia coli bacteria in one Petri dish and a strain that is resistant to the antibiotic tetracycline in another dish. Then they saturated both plates with tetracycline and watched closely.
Logic suggested the bacteria cells lacking the ability to resist the drug would die. Instead, they simply went to sleep. After several hours, the researchers combined the contents of the two dishes and used a technique called live-cell microscopy to watch in real time as plasmids were transferred in just two minutes from tetracycline-resistant bacteria cells to tetracycline-sensitive ones.
World must act now to fight the spread of superbugs
Less than two hours later, the plasmid produced a protein called TetA resistance factor, which makes bacteria impervious to tetracycline. That was “shockingly counter-intuitive”, Lesterlin said, since tetracycline blocks the production of proteins by binding to the machinery required to make them.
The next question was this: How could bacteria get away with producing drug-resistance proteins right there in the presence of a protein-inhibiting drug?
As the hosts on QVC might say, one can never have too many accessories.
That is especially true for something called the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump, which sits on the cell’s outer membrane and ejects various toxic antibiotics that have invaded the cell’s interior.
Despite the pump’s fancy-sounding name, it’s not sufficient to keep the cell thriving amid a surge of antibiotics. But it buys vital time for the groggy cell to acquire a plasmid with an all-important resistance gene.
In the team’s experiments, the pump kept tetracycline levels low enough to give the cell a chance to translate the resistance gene into a version of the TetA protein that was immune to the antibiotic.
Then that TetA protein took the reins in sustaining the newly drug-resistant cell, which went on to grow and multiply.
“Thanks to the multidrug efflux pump, bacteria have the ability to remain dormant – not quite dead but not quite alive – just waiting for a little help from a neighbour,” Lesterlin said.
Rudimentary microbiology discoveries like this one might seem far removed from the front lines of the war on superbugs. But military analysts and athletes alike will tell you that the key to victory is to study your enemy. Understanding basic cell functions could reveal gaping holes in our strategy to combat antibiotic resistance – and weaknesses of their own that we might exploit.
Lesterlin’s team has revealed “an essential piece of the puzzle”, said Vanessa Povolo, who studies bacterial growth strategies at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and was not involved in the new work.

I feel very happy and honored that we have received the opportunity to write a #Perspective on such an amazing paper: https://t.co/coKn7sD5SS
— Vanessa R. Povolo (@VanessaPovolo) May 23, 2019

For one, the findings hint at the collateral damage from our century-old approach to fighting bacterial infections in humans. Overusing drugs has not only lead to failed treatments, but also has fuelled the rise of newly resistant bacterial strains that come to life right in our digestive tracts.
Now that scientists understand the mechanics of plasmid transfers, they can try to create new treatments that attack the multidrug efflux pumps that allow resistance to spread.
“Bacteria have multiple weapons – you can’t just shut down one weapon and expect to succeed,” said Shaun Yang, assistant medical director of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory at UCLA, who was not involved in the research. “From a drug development perspective, that is significant.”
For now, scientists remain locked in a race that could mean life or death for all organisms involved. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria already kills at least 23,000 people in the United States per year, according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention – an estimate that most experts consider conservative.
The United Nations warns that, without action, drug-resistant infections could kill 10 million people annually by 2050. That is a public health nightmare, but hardly a surprise.
After all, bacteria have a few billion years of guerilla warfare under their belts.


Microbes 1, Humans 0: scientists spy on superbugs to see how they outsmart our antibiotics

A bacterial sample at left contains carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, able to grow despite the presence of an antibiotic. Photo: Los Angeles Times/TNS

Superbugs are now becoming resistant to alcohol-based hand sanitisers and disinfectants

A customer uses a hand disinfectant station at the Ocean Terminal shopping centre in, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. Photo: SCMP Picture

(FILES) In this file photo taken on December 17, 2013 bottles of antibacterial soap are seen on a grocery store shelf in Miami, Florida. Some hospital superbugs are growing increasingly tolerant to alcohol-based disinfectants found in hand washes and sanitizers, allowing increasing infections to take hold, an Australian study warned on August 1, 2018. Hand rubs and washes that contain disinfectants based on isopropyl or ethyl alcohol are widely used around the world, and have cut down dramatically on one type of superbug, called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).But researchers have noticed a rise in another kind of bacteria that lives in the gut, called Enterococcus faecium, and can be spread via catheters, ventilators or central lines in a health care setting. / AFP PHOTO / GETTY IMAGES NORTH AMERICA / JOE RAEDLE

At left, undated handout image provided by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) shows a clump of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria (green) in the extracellular matrix, which connects cells and tissue, taken with a scanning electron microscope, showing. At right, undated handout image provided by the Agriculture Department showing the bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis, which lives in the human gut, is just one type of microbe that will be studied as part of NIH's Human Microbiome Project. They live on your skin, up your nose, in your gut _ enough bacteria, fungi and other microbes that collected together could weigh, amazingly, a few pounds. Now scientists have mapped just which critters normally live in or on us and where, calculating that healthy people can share their bodies with more than 10,000 species of microbes. (AP Photo/NIAID, Agriculture Department)

People are warned to wash their hands to prevent the latest H1N1 flu pademic in Hong Kong. 02May09

Can superbugs be squashed with better drugs after enzyme discovery by Hong Kong team?

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology researchers behind the enzyme study (from left) Zhong Zheng; chair professor from the division of life science Professor Qian Peiyuan; Dr Li Yongxin; Dr Zhang Weipeng; and Hou Peng. Photo: Xiaomei Chen

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Division of Life Science Chair Professor Qian Peiyuan at a press conference on the discovery of New Antibiotics Resistance Mechanism at the Cheng Yu Tung Building in HKUST in Clear Water Bay. 20MAR18 SCMP/ Xiaomei Chen

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Team of researchers have been able to shed new light on how bacterial cells are becoming increasingly resistant to our drugs


Team of researchers have been able to shed new light on how bacterial cells are becoming increasingly resistant to our drugs.


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Microbes 1, Humans 0: scientists spy on superbugs to see how they outsmart our antibiotics

.css-1mniedq{color:inherit;font-weight:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit;}Team of researchers have been able to shed new light on how bacterial cells are becoming increasingly resistant to our drugs

Team of researchers have been able to shed new light on how bacterial cells are becoming increasingly resistant to our drugs