Could India’s last-minute demands scupper a China-backed pan-Asia trade deal that’s been seven years in the making?

India keeps making last-minute requests after it agreed to terms for the world’s largest regional trade agreement, potentially preventing Asian leaders from announcing a breakthrough on the 16-nation pact during a summit in Bangkok next week, people familiar with the situation said.

In recent days, India angered other negotiators by making additional requests on the China-backed pact covering half the world’s population, said the people, who asked not to be identified because the talks are private.

Leaders had planned to announce a preliminary deal on November 4 when they gather for meetings hosted by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the sources said.

Chief negotiators are still confident they can reach a broad agreement on the deal to reduce tariffs, known as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), during a planned meeting on Thursday in Bangkok, the people said. Any announcement would pave the way for nations to finalise the details on the legal framework in the coming months.

A breakthrough after seven years of talks would mark a win for trade liberalisation in an era of rising tariffs and resurgent nationalism. The deal would also further integrate Asia’s economies with China at a time when US President Donald Trump is seeking to convince the region to shun Chinese infrastructure loans and 5G technology.

India, which has raised some tariffs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has long been the main holdout on an RCEP deal because of strong domestic opposition over fears the country would be flooded with cheap Chinese goods.

Modi, who is fresh off a landslide re-election win in May, agreed to move ahead with the deal after receiving personal assurances from Chinese President Xi Jinping in an informal seaside meeting earlier this month, an Indian official said.

China has long pushed to conclude the pact, which also includes Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and 10 Southeast Asian nations.

Explained: Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

Still, India came up with new demands after a broad RCEP agreement was concluded, seeking changes in base duties and product-specific rules, according to an Indian official.

Two Indian officials said Modi’s government would push for further concessions but is likely to agree to sign over fears that India could be left out of the announcement, forcing it to negotiate with countries on a bilateral basis.

The office of the prime minister in India did not immediately respond to a request for comment. A spokeswoman for India’s trade ministry did not answer two calls made to her mobile phone.

“I have been quite sceptical of a robust RCEP coming to conclusion, due entirely to India’s intransigence,” said Richard Rossow, the Wadhwani Chair in US India Policy Studies at the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington.

“However, since Modi’s re-election, there seems to be new energy behind completing the deal despite serious concerns about how it could impact India’s trade balance with China.”

India will cut duties for more than 90 per cent of items for most nations in RCEP, excluding China, with some duties being phased out over 10-year, 15-year and 20-year time frames, one of the Indian officials said.

Xi, Modi agree to trim trade deficit, boost trust amid US-China tensions

India’s government plans to sell the deal as a political win because tariffs will not kick in for a decade, another Indian official said. But the administration still worries that local manufacturing will struggle when tariffs eventually drop and the country’s poor, small-scale and low-tech farmers would struggle to compete.

It’s “highly likely” the RCEP deal will be agreed to in Bangkok even if the agreement is not completely finalised, according to Juan Sebastian Cortes-Sanchez, a senior trade policy analyst at the Asian Trade Centre think tank in Singapore.

“I don’t think we can expect a complete, crisp agreement, with all the tariff schedules and information, and all the chapters completed,” he said. “But we would expect them to sign something so that they can move forward with it.”