The interior of Jupiter is just as intriguing as the planet’s dazzling surface, with a swirling mixture of liquid hydrogen and helium at its centre, vast atmospheric jet streams and exotic gravitational properties, scientists said on Wednesday.
Data from Nasa’s Juno spacecraft, orbiting the solar system’s largest planet since 2016, is providing researchers with what they called unprecedented insight into Jupiter’s internal dynamics and structure. Until now, scientists have had scant information about what lies below Jupiter’s thick red, brown, yellow and white clouds.
This handout picture provided by Nature and released by NASA/SWRI/JPL/ASI/INAF/IAFPS on March 8, 2018 shows Jupiter's South Pole in a mosaic of images acquired by the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper at wavelengths. Jupiter's tempestuous, gassy atmosphere stretches some 3,000 kilometres (1,860 miles) deep and comprises a hundredth of the planet's mass, studies based on observations by NASA's Juno spacecraft revealed on March 7, 2018. / AFP PHOTO / NASA/SWRI/JPL/ASI/INAF/IAFPS / - / RESTRICTED TO EDITORIAL USE - MANDATORY CREDIT
“Juno is designed to look beneath these clouds,” said planetary science professor Yohai Kaspi of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, who led part of the research using Juno’s new measurements of Jupiter’s gravity.
“On Jupiter, a gaseous planet without a solid surface, we can only gather information from orbit,” added aerospace engineering professor Luciano Iess of Sapienza University of Rome, who also led part of the research.
An illustration depicting the US space agency's Juno spacecraft in orbit above Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Photo: Nasa/JPL-Caltech handout via Reuters
This NASA image released March 2, 2018 captures the swirling cloud formations around the south pole of Jupiteras capturd by the Juno spacecraft in this color-enhanced image taken on February 7. Photo: AFP
Jupiter is a type of planet called a gas giant, as opposed to rocky planets like Earth and Mars, and its composition is 99 per cent hydrogen and helium. Juno’s data showed that as you go deeper under the surface, Jupiter’s gas becomes ionised and eventually turns into a hot, dense metallic liquid.
The scientists said Jupiter’s jet streams, related to the familiar stripes on its surface, plunge some 3,000km (1,800 miles) below cloud level, and that its deep interior is comprised of a fluid hydrogen and helium mixture that rotates as if it were a solid body.
“The very centre may contain a core made of high-pressure and high-temperature rocks and perhaps water, but it is believed to be fluid as well, not solid,” said planetary scientist Tristan Guillot of the Université Côte d’Azur in Nice, another of the research leaders.
Juno’s data showed a small but significant asymmetry between the gravitational field of Jupiter’s northern and southern hemispheres, driven by the immense jet streams. The deeper the jets streams go, the more mass they contain, exerting a strong effect on Jupiter’s gravitational field, Kaspi said.
Jupiter, the fifth planet from the sun, dwarfs the solar system’s other planets, measuring about 143,000km (89,000 miles) in diameter at its equator, compared with Earth’s diameter of about 12,750km (8,000 miles). It is big enough that 1,300 Earths could fit inside it.
The research was published in the journal Nature.
