Explained: how Ukraine found itself at the heart of the Trump impeachment scandal

Suddenly, Ukraine is ubiquitous.

The former Soviet republic, Europe’s second largest country in terms of land area, finds itself thrust into an unwelcome spotlight over US President Donald Trump’s alleged attempts to pressure its new government into digging up dirt on his potential rival in 2020, former vice-president Joe Biden.

Ukraine, with a population of about 45 million, is no stranger to superpower geopolitics.

It sits next door to Russia, which seized a chunk of its territory five years ago and has continued to back a separatist uprising.

And it’s not the first time Ukraine has become embroiled in US presidential politics. Former Trump campaign manager Paul Manafort was imprisoned for illegal lobbying in Ukraine for about a decade beginning in 2004 and hiding the proceeds.

Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelensky, a former comedian who once played his country’s president on TV, was elected in May in a landslide.

The 41-year-old political neophyte campaigned on an anti-corruption corruption platform, and during his two months in office, he has sought to defuse tensions with Moscow while continuing to build ties with the United States in hopes it would be a bulwark against Russian aggression.

Zelensky was scheduled to meet with Trump on Wednesday at the United Nations, an encounter that has been supercharged by the burgeoning controversy over a July 25 phone conversation that was flagged by a whistle-blower from the US intelligence community.

That complaint is now the centre of a decision Tuesday by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi to call for impeachment proceedings against Trump.

Here’s a look at how Ukraine become part of the biggest story in American politics, and what’s at stake.

How did all this get started?

The whistle-blower filed a formal complaint last month after seeing or hearing something that sparked alarm. Multiple news accounts have since pinpointed the call between Trump and Zelensky.

The intelligence community’s inspector general deemed the concern an urgent and credible threat to national security.

By law, that means the complaint is supposed to be turned over to Congress within a week, but the inspector general’s boss, acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire, has refused to do so.

Maguire was to appear before Congress on Thursday, and the whistle-blower report has been subpoenaed.

Pelosi has told him to bring it when he comes to testify Thursday before the House Intelligence Committee.

What exactly transpired when Trump and Zelensky spoke?

After a report in The Wall Street Journal said Trump pressured Zelensky eight times to investigate Biden’s son Hunter, Trump acknowledged that the two talked about Biden and corruption.

The president also conceded that he had ordered military aid to Ukraine be withheld, but he said that was meant to pressure Europe to provide more aid and had nothing to do with coercing the Ukraine government to open an investigation of the Bidens.

Trump has repeatedly referred to his phone call with Zelensky as “perfect” and said – most recently in a series of heated exchanges with reporters at the UN on Tuesday – that he has done nothing wrong.

What exactly was the Bidens’ involvement in Ukraine?

Trump and his allies, including his personal lawyer, Rudy Giuliani, have accused Biden and his son Hunter of corruption but offered no evidence.

Hunter Biden served for almost five years on the board of Burisma Holdings, a Ukraine natural gas company.

The company’s owner was investigated by Ukrainian prosecutors at one point over possible financial abuses but Hunter Biden was not accused of any wrongdoing. Trump and his backers have accused Joe Biden, then serving as vice-president, of putting pressure on Ukraine three years ago to fire its top prosecutor, Viktor Shokin, in order to shield his son.

Biden did urge Shokin’s ouster, but in concert with other key Western officials who were upset that other corruption cases were not being pursued. And the Burisma probe was reported to have been already dormant at that time.

How big a problem is corruption in Ukraine?

Corruption has been a major concern since Ukraine gained independence with the 1991 break-up of the Soviet Union.

After pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych was ousted in a 2014 revolution, successive US administrations – first Barack Obama’s, then Trump’s – poured millions of dollars of aid into Ukraine, much of it aimed at helping shore up Ukrainian forces.

But all international partners, including the World Bank, European governments and the International Monetary Fund, were worried about rampant corruption, which was why Obama assigned Biden to be the point man on the issue.

Because his son was doing business in Ukraine, that prompted questions at the time about a potential conflict of interest. But Biden pointed to his son’s status as a private citizen and said he made his own business decisions.

Is Zelensky caught between Moscow and Washington?

To a point, yes. Russia was punished with sanctions for its annexation of Ukraine’s Crimean Peninsula, but eastern Ukraine remains an active battlefront.

The separatist conflict that broke out in 2014 has killed more than 13,000 people, and Russian President Vladimir Putin, for all his nationalist sabre-rattling, feels some economic pressure to get out from under Western sanctions.

Since taking office, Zelensky has made efforts to reach out to Russia, even while holding firm in rejecting Russia’s annexation of Crimea.

The new Ukrainian leader has said little publicly about Ukraine’s wish to eventually join Nato, a flashpoint issue for the Russian government.

Over the summer, Zelensky helped engineer a prisoner exchange, the largest of its kind in years. And earlier this month, French and German officials took part in talks with counterparts in Ukraine and Russia to bat around ideas for peace talks.

What has been Moscow’s response to all this?

Basically to sit back and enjoy the spectacle. As the scandal has escalated in recent days, Russian state television has repeatedly made mocking references to it. But there are much more serious concerns about whether Trump’s dealings with Ukraine might ultimately have put Western interests at risk and – once again – helped Putin achieve long-time goals of sowing instability and confusion in order to undermine long-standing US alliances.

At the recent Group of Seven summit in France, Trump stood alone among the members of the club of richest democracies with his appeals to reinstate Putin, who was kicked out of what used to be the Group of Eight over his moves in Ukraine. Trump said it was time to move on.