Source:
https://scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/2185717/caste-tamil-nationalism-and-indian-election
This Week in Asia/ Society

Caste, Tamil nationalism and the Indian election

  • Social progressiveness has had a positive impact on Tamil Nadu’s economy – but what effect will have it have on the upcoming polls? We chat to a mixed-caste couple with firm views on identity to get a road map
Jabaraj and Semmalar met as social workers. The married couple now reside in Tambaram with their teenage son. Photo: Ceritalah

Jabaraj Selvaraj is Tamil. Unusually for a resident of India’s predominantly Hindu state of Tamil Nadu, he is also a Christian and deeply critical of caste. The 38-year-old social worker is an unassuming man, sufficiently comfortable in his own skin to allow others – in this case his wife, Semmalar, an academic and a Dalit (previously known as “Untouchable”, though this term is now considered inappropriate) – to speak first.

They’re a young, attractive pair, especially when they both clamber onto his impressive-looking 350cc Royal Enfield Thunderbird motorbike. They’re also a mixed-caste couple.

Winning his parents over to the match wasn’t easy. As Jabaraj explains, “Your caste origins follow you even when you convert. My own caste, the Nadar, were known for their anti-Dalit violence and my father, well, he was concerned about what his relatives would think: the pressures of what society is going to say. But urban life is different from the villages.”

Along with their 10-year-old son, the couple live in a three-storey joint-family home in the bustling Chennai suburb of Tambaram. It’s a lively place. Jabaraj’s married sisters live nearby and the house hums with activity: there are visitors all day long and into the early evening.

Jabaraj and Semmalar work with schools in rural villages. Photo: Ceritalah
Jabaraj and Semmalar work with schools in rural villages. Photo: Ceritalah

He hadn’t always wanted to be a social worker.

“I was a nerd. When others were out playing, I’d be on my computer. I just wanted to do statistics and computing. I never really had any other interests. However, I failed in my last semester at college,” Jabaraj says.

“Before that, I’d believed in everything I’d learned at school and college. I went to an RSS [Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the right-wing Hindu nationalist association that nurtured the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)] school. The principal was a friend of my father’s. They’d teach us Hindu patriotic and devotional songs. I was also taught that I was a ‘Hindu’ Christian.

“Nothing made me doubt the world around me. But as it happened, I went to a camp with liberal religious views around the time I failed at college and that’s when I became a lot more aware of politics in India. I started experiencing things differently.”

Not long after, as Jabaraj explored the world of social work, he met his future wife, Semmalar.

“I had all these ideas. We were at a rural school, helping the kids. Semmalar was my partner in field work. She was from a family where her father was an atheist. He was a union member in a high position. Semmalar and I talked about issues, about politics. She wanted to do psychology and help people. We built our relationship from there.”

Tamil Nadu isn’t just more socially progressive than the North, it’s also an economic powerhouse. Photo: Ceritalah
Tamil Nadu isn’t just more socially progressive than the North, it’s also an economic powerhouse. Photo: Ceritalah

Jabaraj’s calm, understated manner masks some firmly held views. When asked if he was Indian first or Tamil first, he’s clear: “I’m Tamil first. Otherwise, I don’t believe much in borders.”

Southern India – the Dravidian heartland of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh – has long been known for its more progressive ethos. The South is also different in cultural terms. The Tamil language is far older than Hindi; its written tradition stretches back thousands of years. The 3rd-century BC poet Thiruvalluvar, with his expansive moral philosophy enshrined in the classic text Thirukkural, remains mandatory reading for young Tamils.

Indeed, Southern Indians are generally far better educated, healthier and richer than their counterparts in the north. Uttar Pradesh – India’s largest state in the north – has a Human Development Index (or HDI) of 0.583, comparable to Cambodia. In contrast, Tamil Nadu’s HDI floats around 0.708 and neighbouring Kerala records an HDI of 0.784, just shy of Malaysia, according to the UNDP Human Development Report 2018 and the Global Data Lab’s Indian Sub-national HDI Area Database.

Social progressiveness has had a positive impact on the state’s economic life. With a population of nearly 80 million, Tamil Nadu is an economic powerhouse with growth rates (12.3 per cent) considerably higher than national levels (7.2 per cent). Indeed, its GDP of US$256 billion is second only to the Mumbai-centric state of Maharashtra. Certainly, Tamil Nadu is a magnet for foreign investment, emerging for example as India’s automotive manufacturing hub, with just over 30 per cent of the republic’s overall capacity.

The 2017 pro-jallikattu protests attracted regional media attention, but Jabaraj sees it as an upper-caste tradition – Dalits are banned from taking part in the activity. Photo: Srinivassa Balaji
The 2017 pro-jallikattu protests attracted regional media attention, but Jabaraj sees it as an upper-caste tradition – Dalits are banned from taking part in the activity. Photo: Srinivassa Balaji

But Jabaraj remains critical of the way Tamil identity is refracted through an upper-caste lens: “When people visualise Tamil culture, they tend to think of silk shirts and silk saris. But how accessible are any of these to the poor, and how much of Dalit Tamil culture is included in this picture? All that they are showing is dominant caste identity as Tamil culture. Other than language, we don’t have anything at all.”

He is similarly sceptical of the way that controversy around jallikattu – a bull “taming” sport unique to Tamil Nadu – was manipulated by activists back in 2017. Banned by the Supreme Court, the ensuing protests became a lightning rod for anti-Delhi/anti-Modi anger. However, for Jabaraj, jallikattu is very much an upper-caste tradition and one that expressly excludes Dalit participation.

With elections approaching, Jabaraj is concerned about attempts to polarise the population along caste lines. “Narendra Modi and the BJP are brilliant at social media. They propagate lies as though they’re the truth. Thankfully, the cynical manipulation doesn’t work as well in the cities. But social media is pushing in the name of culture. It’s all becoming more fanatic.”

Still, the state’s more open and independent ethos – perhaps building on the discursive and humanist themes embodied in the Thirukkural – has provided important ballast to the strident Hindu revivalism that swept the BJP to power back in 2014.

There appears to be little evidence that in 2019 anything will be different. Tamil Nadu will continue to plough its prosperous and progressive furrow whatever happens in Delhi.