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Mining rigs for the Ethereum and Zilliqa cryptocurrencies at the Evobits crypto farm in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, on January 22, 2020. Ethereum, the world’s most widely used blockchain, is undergoing a major shift to proof-of-work mining that could lead to a 99 per cent reduction in energy use. Photo: Bloomberg
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Ethereum upgrade prepares the blockchain for big energy-saving change next year, founder says

  • Ethereum’s major London hard fork makes transaction fees more predictable and prepares the network to upgrade to version 2.0 as soon as year end
  • The blockchain is moving to proof-of-stake mining, which is much more energy efficient than the proof of work model it currently uses, along with bitcoin
Blockchain
Bloomberg
Bloomberg
Why you can trust SCMP
The most significant change to the Ethereum blockchain since 2015 that went into effect Thursday shows the network is well-poised to make an even bigger upgrade to reduce its energy use by 99 per cent, according to its inventor Vitalik Buterin.

The world’s most-used blockchain updated its software, known as the London hard fork, that includes a fee reduction feature called EIP 1559. The fee cut already eliminated US$2 million worth of its native cryptocurrency Ether in only a few hours since taking effect, according to tracking website ultrasound.money. That could put upward pressure on the price of Ether going forward.

“1559 is definitely the most important part of London,” Buterin said in an interview with Bloomberg News from Singapore. The London upgrade is “proof that the Ethereum ecosystem is able to make significant changes”.

Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum. Photo: Handout
Ethereum and better-known-rival bitcoin both operate using a proof-of-work system that requires a global network of computers running around the clock. Software developers at Ethereum have been working for years to transition the blockchain to what’s known as a proof-of-stake system – which uses a totally different approach to secure the network that also eliminates the carbon emissions issue. That change to ETH 2.0 will be carried out by a process called the merge and is expected by early 2022 but could come as early as year end, Buterin said.

The London hard fork “definitely makes me more confident about the merge”, he said.

Ether has seen an already incredible price gain in the past 12 months, along with bitcoin and other digital assets. Ether has risen about 590 per cent in the past year, while bitcoin has more than tripled, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Those gains come even after both coins fell by about half from their recent all-time highs in April.

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Part of that price surge in Ether is due to the explosion of non-fungible tokens, or NFTs, which are digital files whose authenticity and scarcity can be validated by a blockchain like Ethereum. NFTs have surged in popularity this year, fuelled by deals including the record-breaking US$69.3 million sale of “Everydays: the First 5,000 Days” by digital artist Beeple and a video of a LeBron James dunk. Now everyone from art galleries to the International Olympic Committee, fashion houses and Twitter Inc is offering the digital tokens.

The change Thursday will also put Ethereum on a closer path to how bitcoin operates. Unlike Ether, bitcoin has had since its start in 2009 a fixed supply of 21 million coins that will ever be created. That difference has led critics of Ethereum to say it shouldn’t be viewed as a similar digital currency as bitcoin.

Buterin initially had a cap on the amount of Ether that could be created in his 2013 white paper that described the creation of Ethereum. There was room for changes, however, and the idea of moving to proof of stake was always the plan. Proof of stake would eventually change the economics of Ether, Buterin said.

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SCMP Explains: What are NFTs?

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“There wasn’t really the possibility of making very strong, long-term commitments to the monetary policy,” he said of his original vision. Then in 2018 he attended an economics and computation conference at Cornell University where the inefficiency of first-price auctions was discussed. That’s an auction where the highest bidder wins, and how Ethereum and bitcoin have structured their fee markets. Ethereum is now off of that system because of EIP 1559.

Another important change Thursday is that the block size on Ethereum is now variable. Previously, the amount of transactions that can fit inside one block was fixed, meaning users had to wait sometimes for their transactions to be processed when there was high network demand. Blocks can now grow or shrink to match the amount of incoming transactions.

“Now it gets much easier to send a transaction that will get included in the next block and that’s very important to user experience,” Buterin said.

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