Then, in July 2021, everything changed overnight as Beijing implemented its “double reduction” education reform. In an aim to free students from excessive classes and homework, the policy banned classes on weekends and holidays, and prevented for-profit tutoring companies from raising money in the stock market and from having foreign investors. As a result, tens of thousands of their teachers were laid off.

English Hustle accordingly ended up charting the rise and fall of the lucrative industry, which, even before the government crackdown on private tutoring schools, was plagued with issues.

Through his research, Abelmann found there to be a wide range in prices tutoring companies charged, and how much teachers were paid.

“It’s a differentiated market,” he says. “Some companies that were sort of the high-end firms, like VIPKid, you could think of as the ‘Rolls-Royce’ of this [industry], and you could think of 51Talk as being the ‘General Motors’, lower cost option, where that clientele is just fundamentally happy to have a teacher and access to English.”

The other two teachers are from the Philippines: Ivan (full name Ronick Jhun Leones), a public school teacher by day who tutors in the evenings to earn extra money to look after his elderly parents; and Jean (Rojean Anne Maduay), a single mother who needs the tutoring income to support herself and her three daughters.

The documentary exposes the wage disparity between North American teachers and those from the Philippines, as Henegar and Gascoigne, who work for firms like VIPKid, earn significantly more than Leones and Maduay, who work at 51Talk. All four teachers are shown to be negatively impacted by the 2021 double reduction policy.

The documentary also highlights the demand on teachers to constantly appear animated throughout the 25-minute tutoring sessions. Their faces become tired as they smile all day on camera, even if their four year-old students cry through entire lessons.

As well as teaching children their ABCs, Gascoigne advised prospective teachers on how to land online teaching gigs through videos on his Online Teacher Dude YouTube channel. He would receive a referral fee for every teacher successfully hired by a company.

Gascoigne referred thousands of teachers to online tutoring schools from 2019 to 2020, and believes that about 350 of these were hired.

“VIPKid was just throwing money at anyone that would get teachers in. So it was easy. They were always hiring, always hiring. They were never on a hiring freeze.”

English Hustle is Abelmann’s second documentary. His first, released in 2019, was about American psychologist and educational reformer John Dewey’s two-year trip in China from 1919-21, as seen through the eyes of American and Chinese students.

In addition to interviews with online tutors, English Hustle gives a short history of Sino-US relations. Following the then American president Richard Nixon’s historic visit to China in 1972, scores of students wanted to learn English and demand has continued regardless of the geopolitical relations between the two countries since.

Abelmann also features two Chinese academics in his documentary who have enjoyed successful careers in the US.

Decades ago Dali Yang, now a well-known political scientist at the University of Chicago, and Yong Zhao, a distinguished professor of education at the University of Kansas, learned English through listening to American radio broadcaster Voice of America, and watching movies.

Abelmann says that “the story resonates with them because the industry is a modern version of what they had to go through in a different time”, and this made Yang and Zhao not only qualified to speak about why Chinese are so keen to learn English, but also gave his film a broader historical and political perspective.

According to Gascoigne, the crackdown on Chinese tutoring companies has caused many to shut down or downsize significantly, and now teachers are tutoring students directly, without being attached to a company or school.