Much depends on the power of the central team of environmental inspectors, whether emissions caps are introduced, and the effectiveness of China’s carbon trading system.

China, Japan and South Korea can be leaders in the fight against climate change if they ensure policies align with their ambitious goals. Emissions trading systems with progressively tightening emissions caps are likely to play a central role.

The devastation wrought by island building in the waters, mainly by China, has wide impact on an already fragile ecosystem. Cooperation on scientific research and environmental management must be encouraged to limit the damage, and as a way to build trust.