Is it exciting? It can be.

But staying in one location can also be stressful and exciting.

Stress is a necessary component of development and growth. Despite our best intentions and attempts to manipulate circumstances, difficulties arise, caused by anything from health to finances, relationships and unexpected events.

“But kids are resilient,” people say, in an effort to be helpful, “right?” The question mark is tacked on at the end, indicating that the speaker remains unconvinced, particularly now that our kids are adolescents. Perhaps older children are less adaptable. Social interactions and ties are important to teenagers, we are often told. What about their mental and emotional health? Are we harming them by uprooting them?

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What is resilience, anyway? Is it innate, like curiosity or playfulness? According to the Centre on the Developing Child at Harvard University, resilience is the ability to overcome serious hardship. Recent research has found that some children develop adequate resilience, while others do not, leaving them more vulnerable to long-term negative consequences from adversity.

Young brains are elastic and adapt easily to new circumstances. Despite recent scientific breakthroughs showing that human brains retain some elasticity throughout life, many people believe that, much like clay, brains harden over time and become set. A natural conclusion of that mindset would be that older children are less resilient and more brittle. If forced to change, they might break.

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Experts on resilience encourage us to think of the development of resilience not in terms of elasticity but rather as a see-saw. Difficulties are on one side of the fulcrum while the positive traits, or strengths, are on the other. Individuals demonstrate resilience when positive, protective factors outweigh negative ones.

How can we ensure that the stress of moving, or any other life change, does not overwhelm our children? How can we help our children, who must repeatedly start over in a new location, navigate the anxiety associated with saying goodbye and learning to live in a new setting? We can start by building up the following four protective factors to balance their seesaws:

1. Strong, secure and responsive adult-child relationships

We must prioritise, build and maintain relationships with our children by listening to, talking to and supporting them. We can provide them with enough time and space to develop self-regulation and executive function skills.

We need to allow our children to experience big feelings, and listen to them and respond accordingly while helping them identify and name their emotions. Sometimes we need to simply let them cry, yell or sit in silence.

2. Safe and secure home environments

We should maintain consistent routines and create a sense of home in our new location with comforting food, familiar clothes, toys, books and furnishings. Listening to favourite music and stories, taking part in well-known games and activities, and providing access to comfort items all help them settle in.

3. Choices that allow a sense of control

When people are deprived of choices, they tend to feel powerless. Children are no exception. We should allow children to make their own decisions about things that they can control.

We need to engage them and seek their input throughout the process of packing, saying goodbyes and starting our new life, allowing them to make informed decisions whenever possible.

4. Community connections

We must encourage our children to connect with others and confide in trusted people (teachers, counsellors and friends) before, during and after the move. We help maintain connections by encouraging communication with relatives and extended family and friends through phone calls, letters, social media and visits.

We may not be able to raise our children in a protective bubble or shield them from all life’s hardships, but we can equip them with the positive protective factors they need.

Merete Kropp is a child development and family specialist and mother of three. Kropp can be found at familynurturance.com and @nurturance on Twitter and Nurturance on Facebook.